An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Types of adverbs Adverbs of manner: they denote how an action is being carried out. Examples are boldly, quickly, friendly, happily etc. Adverbs of time: adverbs of time tell us the time when an action takes place. Examples are- yesterday, tonight, tomorrow, weekend etc….
Antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning Look carefully at the underlined words: Word antonyms Happy sad New old Remember forget Smaller bigger Like dislike Big small Beautiful ugly Like hate Big small Quiet noisy Supply the opposite of these words Dead – Awake – Bright – Far – Fat – Dark…
The use of “shall”, “will”, and “may” Read the sentences in the table several times and write out fourteen correct sentences from it: He The boy Will Buy a book, Go to Lagos, Pay the bill, Won’t he? We Shall not Go with them, Buy from them, Tell the truth, …
Read these sentences: He came in at a point in time I was eating then He came in when I was eating When I was eating, he came in. Now, write down the sentences below like sentence (iii) above. I saw him when he was going out We got there when they were fighting Dada…
Read these sentences. Use the underlined words in sentences of your own. Put away all the toys Some children are very playful Give me any of the colours Each book costs $300 None of the boys is in school Make eight sentences from this table Each All None Some of us …
Read these sentences aloud Ngozi was there, wasn’t she? Yes, she was They were not busy, were they? No, they weren’t My sister did not buy sugar, did she? No, she didn’t You are a small boy, aren’t you? Yes, I am Men don’t surrender easily, do they? No, they don’t We agreed to meet…
Read these sentences aloud. Think about the two parts. Statement Question I ate beans, She bought two oranges, They swept the room, Carol sang a song, He killed the snake, He has gone, Didn’t i? Didn’t she? Didn’t they? Didn’t she? Didn’t he? Hasn’t he? Ade could not buy a pen, She is not…
Vocabulary: Astronomy The lexis and structures on the vocabulary of astronomy. Some of the words used include universe, orbits, planets, eclipse, cosmonaut, satellite, galaxies, etc. Astronomy: the Scientific study of the universe, especially of the motions, positions, sizes, composition, and behaviour of astronomical objects. Universe: the totality of all matter and energy that exists in…
PUNCTUATION.
Punctuation is the system of symbols that we use to separate sentences and parts of sentences, and to make their meaning clear.
Each symbol is called a punctuation mark.
For example (., ! – : etc)
Capitalization.
Capitalization is the writing of a word with its first letter as an upper case and the remaining letters in lower case.
The following are the cases when capitalization is used:
(A) Abbreviations
Abbreviations begin with a capital letter.
(i) Titles of persons
QUESTION TAGS A question tag or a tag question is a phrase that is added at the end of a statement to turn into a question. When a speaker uses a question tag at the end of a statement, he/she is seeking for approval, confirmation or correction. Examples: Approval: I look smart today, don’t I?…
INDIRECT SPEECH.
Indirect speech is used to refer to a person’s words without quoting him or her exactly.
It is also referred to as indirect quotation or reported speech.
The original spoken words are not repeated.
The exact meaning is given without repeating the speaker’s words.
DIRECT SPEECH.
Direct speech is used to give a speaker’s exact words.
It is also referred to as direct quotation.
Direct speech is always enclosed within quotation marks.
Examples: Hemedi announced, “My aunt works in a biscuit factory ” “Creating jobs will be my first priority” the governor said.
A comma always separates the quoted words from the speaker’s name, whether the name comes before or after the quotation
There are five kinds of sentences classified according to their end marks and the different jobs they do: (i) Declarative sentences (ii) Interrogative sentences (iii) Exclamatory sentences (iv) Imperative sentences (v) Conditional sentences (i) Declarative sentences: A declarative sentence simply states a fact or argument without requiring either an answer or action from the…
A noun clause is a clause which takes the place of a noun or a noun phrase. It can be used in any way that a noun is used. That is, it can act as the subject, object, object of a preposition, or predicate noun in a sentence. Just like a noun, a noun clause…
ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES.
An adjectival clause acts as an adjective in a sentence, that is, it modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Examples:
The bushman, who knew the forest well, told us about the hidden cave. (Who knew the forest well is an adjectival clause that modifies the noun bushman).
The bushman told us a legend that involved the cave. (That involved the cave is an adjectival clause that modifies the noun legend).
A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject. There are two types of clauses – main clauses and subordinate clauses. Main clauses A main clause is a clause that can stand as sentence by itself. A compound sentence contains two or more main clauses, because it is made up…
Sentences can be categorized in terms of structure or in terms of purpose. (A) In terms of structure Sentences can be categorized into 3 main types: (i) Simple sentences (ii) Compound sentences (iii) Complex sentences. (i) Simple sentences A simple sentence contains a single subject and predicate. It describes only one thing, idea or…
COMPLEMENTS.
Some sentences do not take objects or adverbs (or adverbial phrases) after the verbs.
Instead, they take complements.
A complement is the part of the sentence that gives more information about the subject (subject complement) or about the object (object complement) of the sentence.
An object in a sentence is a word or words that complete the meaning of a sentence. It is involved in the action but does not carry it out. The object is the person or thing affected by the action described in the verb. It is always a noun or a pronoun and it always…