ACCOUNTING RATIOS AND INCOMPLETE RECORDS

Under a situation whereby a firm or business accounting records were destroyed as a result of fire, flood or any other forms of natural disasters, such firm or business could still prepare its final account despite the facts that the information available will be very inadequate.

In order to prepare the final accounts under such situation, the accountant need to see his or her past experience and ingenuity to prepare the account. In addition, the accountant can make use of some accounting ratios such as the following:

  • Mark – up
  • Margin
  • Rate of turnover
  • Manager’s commission

Mark – up

Profit
Cost Price
x 100

This is the ratio that expressed profit against the cost price of goods. The profit will be expressed as a percentage or fraction or decimal to the cost price.

Mark – up =

Illustration 5

A business made N10,000 profit from goods cost N50,000. You are required to calculate the mark-up.

Profit
Cost Price
x 100

Solution

10,000
 50,000

 

x 100

Mark-up =

=

=  20% or 0.2 or

Margin

  Profit
   Sales
x 100
  Profit
   Sales
x 100

This is the ratio of profit to sales or selling price. It can as well be expressed as a percentage or fraction or decimal to sales.

Magin =

Illustration 6

A firm made N15,000 profit from a sales of N60,000. You are required to calculate the margin.

Solution

 15,000
 60,000
x 100

Margin =

=

= 2.5% or 0.25 or ¼

In a situation whereby the mark-up is given, as well as, the selling price then the mark-up must be converted to margin. This can be explained as follows:

SP = Selling price

CP = Cost price

Profit = P

SP = CP + P               (i)

SP = CP = P               (ii)

SP – P = CP                (iii)

Mark-up =   =

Margin =   =

Conversion of mark-up to margin

Mark-up =   to margin =   =

Mark-up =  to margin  =  =

Mark-up =  to margin =  =

Conversion of margin to mark-up

Margin =  to mark-up =   =

Margin =  to mark-up =   =

Margin =  to mark-up =   =

 Illustration 7

A business cost price is 100% and profit is 10%. Calculate mark-up and margin.

Solution

Mark-up =  =  =  = 0.1

Margin =  =  =  =  = 0.091

Illustration 8

The following data were extracted from the books of God Grace Venture.

Opening stock          16,000

Sales                           400,000

Closing stock 20,000

The business uses a uniform mark-up rate of 33 %

You are required to calculate:

  • Profit
  • Purchases
  • Prepare the trading account 

Solution

Mark-up                    33 % =

Mark-up                 =  = 25%

Margin                        =  =

4P = 400,000

P  = 400,000 ÷ 4

P  = N100,000

Cost of sales  = N400,000 – N100,000 = N300,000

Purchase                    = 300,000 + 20,000 – 16,000 = N304,000

God Grace Trading Account

N N
Sales

Less: Cost of Sales

Opening stock

Add: Purchases

Less: Closing stock

Profit

 

 

16,000

304,000

320,000

(20,000)

400,000

 

 

 

300,000

100,000

Stock Turnover

This is also called the rate of turnover. This is the number of times a business stock will be turned over within a given period of time. It is computed as follows:

Rate of turnover       =          Cost of goods sold

Average of stocks

It can also be expressed in numbers of days as follows:

Average stocks (x 365 days)

Cost of goods sold

Average stock is computed as follows:

Opening stocks + Closing stocks

2

Manager’s Commission

This is an allowance granted to a business manager for a good performance and to encourage him or her to work harder in future. It is usually computed as follows:

Percentage of commission x Profit before commission

100 + Percentage of commission

Illustration 9

The following information was extracted from Folarin Ventures books in 2008.

N
Stock at 01/01/2008

Stock at 31/12/2008

Creditors at 01/01/2008

Creditors at 31/12/2008

Cash paid for goods during the year

Mark-up 25%

Selling expenses

130,000

110,000

80,000

100,000

400,000

 

 

55,000

You are required to calculate:

  • Margin
  • Purchase
  • Stock turnover in days
  • Gross profit
  • Sales
  • Margin
  • Prepare the trading, profit and loss account for the year ended 31 Dec. 2008.

Solution:                  

FOLARIN VENTURES

  • Margin = or  = 20% or 0.2
  • Purchase

Creditors Ledger Control Account

N N
Bal c/f

Cash paid

100,000

400,000

500,000

Bal.  b/f

Purchases (credit)

80,000

420,000

500,000

130,000 +110,000

x  365

2

440,000

x  365

120,000

440,000

= 99.5 days = 100 days

Folarin Ventures

Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the period Ended 31 December 2008

N N
Sales 550,000
Opening stock 130,000
Add: Purchase 420,000
  550,000
Less: Closing stock
  440,000
Gross profit 110,000
Less: Expenses (55,000)
Net profit 55,000

Percentage of gross profit to sales = 110,000 x 100 = 20%

550,000

Percentage of Net profit to sales = 55,000 x 100 = 10%

550,000

Illustration 10

Madam Adeotun produces the following data from her books.

N

Stock at the beginning                           30,000

Purchases                                                27,000

The mark-up on cost of sales is 50%. Her average stock during the year was N20,000. You are required to calculate:

  • Closing stock
  • Prepare trading, profit and loss account
  • Ascertain the total amount of profit and loss expenditure that she must not exceed if she is to maintain a net profit on sales of 10%

Solution

Let x represent closing stock

  • Closing stock = x + 30,000 = 20,000

2

= x + 30,000  = 40,000

= 40,000 – 30,000

Closing stock = x  = N10,000

Madam Adeotun Trading, Profit and Loss Account

N N
Sales (290,000 + 145,000)

Less: Cost of sales

Opening prayer

Add: Purchases

 

Less: Closing stock

 

Gross profit (0.5 x 290,000)

Less: Expenses

Net profit (0.1 x 435,000)

 

 

30,000

270,000

300,000

(10,000)

 

 

 

435,000

 

 

 

 

 

290,000

145,000

(101,500)

43,500

Exercise

Objective Questions

  1. A firm’s average stocks is N50,000 while the closing stock is N30,000. Calculate the opening stock:
    1. N40,000
    2. N30,000
    3. N70,000
    4. N50,000
  2. The ratio between profit and sales is called
    1. Gross profit
    2. Net profit
    3. Mark-up
    4. Margin
  3. The excess of opening capital over closing capital represents
    1. Gross profit
    2. Net profit
    3. Loss
    4. Sales
  4. A business stock turnover time is 9, its average stocks is N60,000. Calculate its cost of goods sold
    1. N54,000
    2. N27,000
    3. N60,000
    4. N540,000
  5. The record or book where credit sales could be generated is
    1. Cash book
    2. Creditors ledger
    3. Debtors ledger
    4. Statement of affairs

Fill in the Blanks

  1. The number of times a business stock could be replenished is called _______________
  2. If a business operational margin is 0.2. calculate the mark-up _______________
  3. The act of recording a business transaction one in the book is called _________________
  4. The financial summary prepared to ascertain a firm’s opening capital is called ________________
  5. If a manager is qualified for 7½% commission on profit before the commission is N15,000. Calculate the commission that would accrue to the manager.

Assignment

Essay Type Questions

  1. The following information was extracted from the book of Olaoni.
N
Sales

Opening stock

Closing stock

Expenses

Purchases

45,000

20,000

30,000

15,000

25,000

You are required to calculate the following:

  • Cost of goods sold
  • Net profit
  • Net profit percentage
  • Gross profit percentage
  • Stock turnover
  1. The following is a summary of the bank account of Mary Parker, a retail trader for the year 2008.
Receipts N N
Balance b/f

Shop takings

Payments

Creditors

Rent and rates

drawings

1,448

34,722

 

28,364

1,488

5,816

 

You are given the following additional information:

01/01/2008 31/12/2008
N N
Furniture

Stock

Debtors

Creditors

1,000

5,260

2,900

3,750

1,000

4,380

3,270

3,946

During the year, wages amounting to N1,300 and N220 general expenses were paid in cash out of shop takings. All the remaining shop taking were paid into the bank and all other payments were made by cheque.

You are required to prepare:

  • Trading, profit and loss account for the year
  • A balance sheet as at 31 December, 2008 (SSCE, June 1993).

See also

ADMISSION OF NEW PARTNER AND RETIREMENT OF AN EXISTING PARTNER IN CONTINUING BUSINESS

GOODWILL

ISSUE OF SHARES

THE FINAL ACCOUNTS OF LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES

COMPANY ACCOUNTS

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