Mr. FAROUK J. T

Introduction to Ecology:

Ecology is the study of organisms and their environment.
All organisms show interdependence on one another.
Organisms are affected by their environment, and they in turn affect the environment.
Green plants manufacture food by photosynthesis which other organisms obtain directly or indirectly.

Bees are important in pollination i.e. in production of honey Members of the phylum have a notochord in early stages of development. They have visceral clefts – which are slits perforating the body wall at the pharynx. In fish these…

Leaves (a) Compound leaves. (b) Type of venation. Stem Inflorescence Roots In Animals Features used to identify animals:

Most animals move from place to place in search of food. Major phyla are: Phylum Arthropoda Distinguishing Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda General Characteristics of  phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda divided into five classes; This division is based on: Class Crustacea Most…

General Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae Division Bryophyta These include mosses and liverworts. Division Pteridophyta: These include ferns and horsetails. General Characteristics Division Spermatophyta These are the seed bearing plants. General Characteristics Comparison of Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae Economic Importance of Spermatophyta

Multicellular fungi are made of thread-like structures called hyphae (singular hyphae) that form a mycelium. e.g. Saccharomyces cereviseae (bread yeast). Others include Penicillium, Rhizopus, and edible mushroom Economic Importance of Fungi Beneficial Effects of Fungi Harmful Effects of Fungi

Classification is the science that puts organisms into distinct groups to make their study easy and systematic. Modern scientific classification is based on structure and functions. Organisms with similar anatomical and morphological characteristics are placed in one group while those…

What is growth? Growth is the irreversible increase in dry mass, size and complexity of an organism brought about by the synthesis of new protoplasm. For growth to be effective, building up of materials (anabolism) must exceed the rate of…

CELLULAR (INTERNAL/TISSUE) RESPIRATION The oxidation of glucose in the cell to release energy is known as cellular respiration and it occurs in the mitochondria of all living cells. There are two types of cellular respiration i.e. aerobic and anaerobic respiration…

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION Plants are referred to as autotrophs, i.e. being able to manufacture their food (Organic compound from inorganic materials such as water, carbon dioxide) Autotrophs generally have two modes of nutrition which are chemosynthesis and photosynthesis (holophytic). HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION…

Environment/Nature and State of Matter Living cells are known to be surrounded by a watery environment. This may include: Fresh/salt water in which the unicellular organisms live, Intercellular fluid that bath the bodies of cells of higher animals. The nature…

DEFINITION AND FORMS OF CELLULAR EXISTENCE The cell is the simplest, smallest, basic, structural and functional unit of life. The cell can carry out all life activities such as growth, respiration e. t. c. Cells can exist in various forms…

MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS All organisms cannot be suitably classified as either plants or animals based on CarolusLinneaus classification. Therefore five kingdoms have been generally accepted for all living organisms, these include Monera, Protista, fungi, plantae and animalia. KINGDOM…

THE VERTEBRATES (PHYLUM CHORDATA) All vertebrates have the following features: The phylum chordata (animals with notochord) can be subdivided into five classes. Thee include Class Pisces (tilapia, shark, dogfish) Class Amphibians (toad, frog, newt) Class Reptilia (lizards, snakes, crocodiles etc)…

All living organisms can be generally classified as plants or animals. However, plants can be distinguished from animals in the following ways:   PLANTS ANIMALS 1. Undergo passive movement. Undergo free or active movement with well developed organs of locomotion.…

Everything in nature can be classified into two groups: living and non -living things. The living things can be distinguished from their nonliving counterparts through the following characteristics observable in all living things: MOVEMENT: Animals can move from place to…

A microscope is an instrument used in magnifying and viewing organisms smaller than 0.1mm that is too tiny to be seen by the human eyes. A compound light microscope consists of the following parts: EVALUATION

This is a systematic approach used to investigate enquiries arising from any observation made in nature. Therefore, the scientific method is the tool used to unravel the mysteries of life. The scientific methods include the following steps: The starting point…

BIOLOGY AS AN INQUIRY IN SCIENCE Science is the study of nature (living and non-living things).  Biology is a science that studies living things in nature. Biology was formed from the Greek words “Bio” (meaning life) and “logos” (meaning, study…

This is a yellow colouration of the skin and eyes. Cause: Symptoms: Yellow pigmentation of skin and eyes, nausea, vomiting and lack of appetite. Itching of skin. Treatment Homeostasis Neuro-Endocrine System and Homeostasis Homeostatic mechanisms are brought about by an…