Lesson Notes, Audio Lessons, Exam Questions
Lesson Notes, Audio Lessons, Exam Questions
Welcome to our collection of Biology lesson notes covering all topics for SS 1 to SS 3 students. These notes are aligned with the WAEC and NECO syllabus, providing a structured approach to mastering key concepts in Biology. From cell biology to ecology, you’ll find lessons on the essential topics you need to excel in your exams.
Our resources are designed to support both independent study and classroom learning, helping you build a strong foundation in Biology.
Whether you’re revising for your exams or seeking to understand complex concepts, these notes and topics will guide your learning every step of the way.
See our comprehensive Biology lesson notes and topics for SS 1 to SS 3 students. Perfect for WAEC and NECO preparation.
Most animals move from place to place in search of food. Major phyla are: Phylum Arthropoda Distinguishing Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda General Characteristics of phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda divided into five classes; This division is based on: Class Crustacea Most…
General Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae Division Bryophyta These include mosses and liverworts. Division Pteridophyta: These include ferns and horsetails. General Characteristics Division Spermatophyta These are the seed bearing plants. General Characteristics Comparison of Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae Economic Importance of Spermatophyta
Multicellular fungi are made of thread-like structures called hyphae (singular hyphae) that form a mycelium. e.g. Saccharomyces cereviseae (bread yeast). Others include Penicillium, Rhizopus, and edible mushroom Economic Importance of Fungi Beneficial Effects of Fungi Harmful Effects of Fungi
Examples include; General Characteristics Economic importance of protoctista Spirogyra: They have spiral chloroplast. They are green, thread-like filaments Chlamydomonas:
General Characteristics Examples include Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Clostridium tetani. Economic importance of bacteria Benefits to man include: Genetic Engineering Bacteria are easily cultured and are being used for making antibiotics, aminoacids and enzymes e.g. amylase, and invertase e.g.,…
Classification is the science that puts organisms into distinct groups to make their study easy and systematic. Modern scientific classification is based on structure and functions. Organisms with similar anatomical and morphological characteristics are placed in one group while those…
What is growth? Growth is the irreversible increase in dry mass, size and complexity of an organism brought about by the synthesis of new protoplasm. For growth to be effective, building up of materials (anabolism) must exceed the rate of…
CELLULAR (INTERNAL/TISSUE) RESPIRATION The oxidation of glucose in the cell to release energy is known as cellular respiration and it occurs in the mitochondria of all living cells. There are two types of cellular respiration i.e. aerobic and anaerobic respiration…
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION Plants are referred to as autotrophs, i.e. being able to manufacture their food (Organic compound from inorganic materials such as water, carbon dioxide) Autotrophs generally have two modes of nutrition which are chemosynthesis and photosynthesis (holophytic). HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION…
Environment/Nature and State of Matter Living cells are known to be surrounded by a watery environment. This may include: Fresh/salt water in which the unicellular organisms live, Intercellular fluid that bath the bodies of cells of higher animals. The nature…
DEFINITION AND FORMS OF CELLULAR EXISTENCE The cell is the simplest, smallest, basic, structural and functional unit of life. The cell can carry out all life activities such as growth, respiration e. t. c. Cells can exist in various forms…
MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS All organisms cannot be suitably classified as either plants or animals based on CarolusLinneaus classification. Therefore five kingdoms have been generally accepted for all living organisms, these include Monera, Protista, fungi, plantae and animalia. KINGDOM…
THE VERTEBRATES (PHYLUM CHORDATA) All vertebrates have the following features: The phylum chordata (animals with notochord) can be subdivided into five classes. Thee include Class Pisces (tilapia, shark, dogfish) Class Amphibians (toad, frog, newt) Class Reptilia (lizards, snakes, crocodiles etc)…
All living organisms can be generally classified as plants or animals. However, plants can be distinguished from animals in the following ways: PLANTS ANIMALS 1. Undergo passive movement. Undergo free or active movement with well developed organs of locomotion.…
Everything in nature can be classified into two groups: living and non -living things. The living things can be distinguished from their nonliving counterparts through the following characteristics observable in all living things: MOVEMENT: Animals can move from place to…
A microscope is an instrument used in magnifying and viewing organisms smaller than 0.1mm that is too tiny to be seen by the human eyes. A compound light microscope consists of the following parts: EVALUATION
This is a systematic approach used to investigate enquiries arising from any observation made in nature. Therefore, the scientific method is the tool used to unravel the mysteries of life. The scientific methods include the following steps: The starting point…
BIOLOGY AS AN INQUIRY IN SCIENCE Science is the study of nature (living and non-living things). Biology is a science that studies living things in nature. Biology was formed from the Greek words “Bio” (meaning life) and “logos” (meaning, study…
This is a yellow colouration of the skin and eyes. Cause: Symptoms: Yellow pigmentation of skin and eyes, nausea, vomiting and lack of appetite. Itching of skin. Treatment Homeostasis Neuro-Endocrine System and Homeostasis Homeostatic mechanisms are brought about by an…
Role of Liver in Excretion The liver lies below the diaphragm and it receives blood from hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein. Blood flows out of the liver through hepatic vein. Excretion of Nitrogenous Wastes Excess amino acids cannot be…