Lesson Notes, Audio Lessons, Exam Questions
Lesson Notes, Audio Lessons, Exam Questions
Welcome to our collection of Biology lesson notes covering all topics for SS 1 to SS 3 students. These notes are aligned with the WAEC and NECO syllabus, providing a structured approach to mastering key concepts in Biology. From cell biology to ecology, you’ll find lessons on the essential topics you need to excel in your exams.
Our resources are designed to support both independent study and classroom learning, helping you build a strong foundation in Biology.
Whether you’re revising for your exams or seeking to understand complex concepts, these notes and topics will guide your learning every step of the way.
See our comprehensive Biology lesson notes and topics for SS 1 to SS 3 students. Perfect for WAEC and NECO preparation.
What is reproduction in animals? Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes. In animals two individuals are involved, a male and a female. Special organs known as gonads produce gametes. In males testes produce sperms while in females ovaries produce…
Animal dispersal Fleshy fruits are eaten by animals. Animals are attracted to the fruits by the bright colour, scent or the fact that it is edible. The seeds pass through the digestive tract undamaged and are passed out with faeces.…
What is placentation? This is the arrangement of the ovules in an ovary. Marginal placentation: The placenta appears as one ridge on the ovary wall e.g. bean. Parietal placentation: The placenta is on the ridges on ovary wall. Ovules are…
What is pollination? This is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. Types of pollination Self pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of the same flower.…
What is sexual reproduction in plants? In flowering plants, the flower is the reproductive organ which is a specialised shoot consisting of a modified stem and leaves. The stem-like part is the pedicel and receptacle, while modified leaves form corolla…
The process by which mature individuals produce offspring is called reproduction. Reproduction is a characteristic of all living organisms and prevents extinction of a species. There are two types of reproduction: sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion…
What is Asexual reproduction? Asexual reproduction is the formation of offspring from a single parent. The offspring are identical to the parent. Types of Asexual Reproduction. Binary fission This involves the division of the parent organism into two daughter cells.…
Ecology is best studied outdoors. Students identify a habitat within or near the school compound, e.g. a flower bed. The quadrat method is used. Observation and recording of the various animals as well as their feeding habits is done. Birds…
Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides lives in the intestines of a man or pig, feeding on the digested food of the host. The body of the worm is tapered at both ends. The female is longer than the male. Mode of…
The term disease denotes any condition or disorder that disrupts the steady state of wellbeing of the body. Health is a state of physical, mental and emotional wellbeing in the internal environment of the body. Some of the causes of…
What is pollution? This is the introduction of foreign material, poisonous compounds and excess nutrients or energy to the environment in harmful proportions. Any such substance is called a pollutant. Effects of Pollution on Human Beings and other Organisms Effects…
What is hydrophytes (water plants)? Water plants are submerged, emergent or floating. Submerged Plants Floating Plants Their structure is similar to that of mesophytes. The leaves are broad to increase the surface area for water loss. They have more stomata…
What is population estimation methods? It is important to find or estimate the sizes of the different populations in a habitat. Direct counting or head count which involves the counting of every individual is not always applicable for all organisms.…
What is a food chain? A food chain is a linear relationship between producers and consumers. It represents the transfer of food energy from green plants through repeated stages of eating and being eaten. Types of Food Chain Detritivores: Detritivores…
The relationships between organisms in a given ecosystem is primarily a feeding one. Organisms in a particular habitat have different feeding levels referred to as trophic levels. There are two main trophic levels: Producers: These organisms that occupy the first…
What is Ecosystem? The community and the abiotic or non-living environment together make up an ecosystem or ecological system. In this system energy flow is clearly defined from producers to consumers and nutrient cycling takes place in paths that links…
To examine Bryophyta A mature moss plant is obtained. To examine Pteridophyta To examine Spermatophyta A mature twig of either cypress or pinus with cones is obtained. A mature bean plant with pods is obtained, A mature maize plant is…
Introduction to Ecology:
Ecology is the study of organisms and their environment.
All organisms show interdependence on one another.
Organisms are affected by their environment, and they in turn affect the environment.
Green plants manufacture food by photosynthesis which other organisms obtain directly or indirectly.
Bees are important in pollination i.e. in production of honey Members of the phylum have a notochord in early stages of development. They have visceral clefts – which are slits perforating the body wall at the pharynx. In fish these…
Leaves (a) Compound leaves. (b) Type of venation. Stem Inflorescence Roots In Animals Features used to identify animals: