LIMESTONE (KARST) REGION Meaning: Limestone or Karst region (Fig. 38.10) refers to a large stretch of land occupied by limestone which possesses a unique type of topography. Limestone is a sedimentary rock of organic materials made up of calcium carbonate. Characteristics of limestone region Solubility: Limestone is insoluble but is made soluble by […]
Volcanicity is the ejection of solid, liquid or gaseous materials from some deep-seated reservoir of molten magma beneath the earth crust to the earth surface. Volcanicity is defined as the rising of molten magma or other gaseous materials beneath to the surface of the earth or within the earth crust. Volcalnicity can be referred to
POPULAR EXAMPLES OF DISASTROUS EARTHQUAKES Africa is generally free from earthquake except along the edge (Morocco, Algeria and Egypt) where some earthquake have been recorded. In East Africa, some major earthquakes have occurred in the rift valley zone e.g. Tanzania, near the shore of Tanganyika in the December 1910 and in Kenya in January 1928.
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An earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth crust which send out a series of vibrating waves in all directions. These are sudden movement or vibrations of in the earth crust. They occur as a result of disturbances within and below the earth crust CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES Most earthquakes one caused by sudden
AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is when unwanted chemicals, gasses, and particles enter the air and the atmosphere causing harm to animals and damaging the natural cycles of the Earth. Various Causes of Air pollution The burning of fossil fuels Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles
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Bush fallowing is a system of farming or the cultivation of one piece of land for some years before the farmer leaves the piece of land to cultivate another in order to allow the former to regain lost nutrients. Favourable Conditions Necessary for Bush Fallowing (i) Abundance of large area of farmlands. (ii) Low
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Process of extracting valuable minerals from the earth’s surface. Formations in Which Minerals Occur Veins and Lodes – Occurrence of minerals in crevices, cracks or faults in igneous rocks. They are said to occur in veins if they occur there in small quantities. Said to occur in lodes if they occur there in large quantities
Phosphates used in the manufacture of fertiliser-Tororo in Uganda and Majingu Hill in Tanzania. Limestone used in cement manufacturing-Hima in N.W Uganda, Tanga in Tanzania, Athi River and Bamburi in Kenya. Fluorspar a source of fluorine used in chemical industries-Kerio Valley in Kenya. Common salt used for consumption-Kilifi and Magadi in Kenya and L. Kitwe
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN FIELD WORK Language Barrier -Inability to communicate due to the interviewer and the respondent not sharing the same language or respondents may be illiterate and thus unable to fill questionnaire. The problems are: Data may not be collected Illiterate people may give wrong answers while attempting questionnaires An interpreter may have to
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MINERALS AND ROCKS Minerals – Inorganic substances occurring naturally at or below the earth’s surface. Characteristics of Minerals Different degrees of hardness e.g. some are very hard e.g. diamond while others are very soft e.g. talc. Some have atoms arranged in an orderly manner to form crystals e.g. quartz form a 6- sided prism.
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FIELD WORK Scientific study of geography using the environment as a laboratory or source of information. Types of Field Work Field Excursion -Visiting an area near or far from the school to see geographical phenomena then note down and discuss later in class. Aim a) Reinforce what has been learnt in class b) Gain more
Analysis of Data Examining the numerical figures in detail. Techniques of analysing Data Calculation of Percentages -If in the study of a farm 10 hectares are devoted to coffee, what is the % of the area under coffee? 10/100×10% The table below shows the number of tourists who visited Kenya from various parts of the
METHODS OF RECORDING DATA Methods of storing information to avoid losing it. Note Taking -Writing in a note book what is being observed, answers during interviews and then notes are compiled in school or office when writing report. Filling In Questionnaires -Filling answers in questionnaires which are responses from a respondent by an interviewer or
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SAMPLING AND EXPERIMENTATION Sampling is examining by taking a sample -a part representing the whole (population). Types of Sampling Random Sampling – Selection of members of a group haphazardly where every item has an equal chance of being selected e.g. to select 5 students to go for a tour from a class: Class members write
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STATISTICAL DATA Discrete Data -Which is given in whole numbers e.g. 16 elephants 1093 tonnes of wheat Continuous Data – Facts and figures which can take any value e.g. Fractions e.g.23 ¼ Decimals e.g. 6.20 mm Values within range e.g. 0-30◦c Grouped Data – Which is non precise/exact but values range in groups e.g.
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA (STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES) Observation -Use of eyes to observe features or weather then information is recorded immediately e.g. cloud cover, rocks, soil, land forms, vegetation, etc. Advantages Gives 1st hand information which is reliable. Relevant material to the study is collected. Time saving since one doesn’t have to look for data in many
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STATISTICS Statistics – numerical figures collected systematically and arranged for a particular purpose. Statistical data-information presented inform of numbers e.g. No. of students in a school Mean daily temperature of a place Amount of milk produced daily from a farm Amount of money earned from exports annually. Statistical methods-techniques of collecting, recording, analyzing, presenting and interpreting
PRESSURE SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD Cyclone It’s a low pressure system characterised by low pressure at the centre and increases outwards. Starts in areas where air ascends from the ground to the atmosphere and descends at high altitude. It’s of two types. Tropical cyclones e.g. hurricane, typhoon and willy willies and depressions which are characterised
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CLOUDS Are a mass of tiny droplets or ice particles formed when water vapour condenses. Three Cloud Forms Cirroform -Thin and wispy clouds composed of ice crystals. stratiform -Appear as greyish sheets covering most of the sky and are rarely broken into units. Cumuliform -Are massive rounded with a flat base and limited horizontal extent
AIR MASSES Distinct large parcels of air moving in one direction – Originate from areas of uniform weather and topography from where they derive their characteristics e.g. flat areas, forests, deserts, and snow covered areas. Characteristics of Air Masses A large volume of air. Covers an extensive area. Has uniform temperature and humidity. Distinct