Mr. FAROUK J. T

If many monosaccharides are joined together through condensation, a polysaccharide is formed. Polysaccharides may consist of hundreds or even thousands of monosaccharide units Examples of polysaccharides: Importance and Functions of Polysaccharides Examples are: Makes the exoskeleton of arthropods, and walls…

These contain two monosaccharide units. The chemical process through which a large molecule (e.g a disaccharide) is formed from smaller molecules is called condensation and it involves loss of water Common examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose and lactose Sucrose…

These are simple sugars. The carbon atoms in these sugars form a chain to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached. Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of carbon atoms they possess The most common monosaccharides are: The general…

PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. A general equation for photosynthesis…

Active transport is the movement of solutes such as glucose, amino acids and mineral ions; From an area of their low concentration to an area of high concentration. It is movement against a concentration gradient and therefore energy is required.…

All matter is made up of chemical elements, each of which exists in the form of smaller units called atoms Carbohydrates

Plant Cell & Animal Cell Cell Specialisation Cells are specialised to perform different functions in both plants and animals Example; Organs An organ is made up of different tissues e.g. the heart, lungs, kidneys and the brain in animals and…

The medium (solution) surrounding cells or organisms is described by the terms hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic. A solution whose solute concentration is more than that of the cell sap is said to be hypertonic A cell placed in such a…

What is a cell? The cell is the basic unit of an organism. All living organisms are made up of cells. Some organisms are made up of one cell and others are said to be multicellular. Other organisms are made…

Observation of Organisms Presenting the Results of Observations Size is measured or estimated How to Draw How does it interact with other animals and the environment? Collection, Observation and Recording of Organisms Collection 3. Place in polythene bags and take…

What is Biology? Biology derived from Greek words – BIOS meaning LIFE and LOGY meaning STUDY or KNOWLEDGE. Biology means “life knowledge”. It is the study of living things/organisms BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOGY

Life defined through observations of activities carried out by living things; Nutrition Nutrition is the processes by which food/nutrients are acquired/made and utilized by living organisms. Green plants and certain bacteria make their own food. All other organisms feed on…

 LOCATION AND STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES Chromatin granules (thread – like structures) found in the nucleus of eucaryotic cells are the precursors or raw materials of chromosomes. Chromosomes occur in pairs known as homologous chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of…

Sex–linked traits are characteristics whose genes are carried on the X chromosome of the sex chromosomes instead of autosomes. Such genes are inherited along with such X chromosomes. They are all controlled by a recessive gene. Examples of Sex-linked traits…

Gregor Mendel crossed plants which differ in two pairs of contrasting characteristics e.g. seed shape (round or wrinkled seeds) and seed colour (yellow or green seeds). He crossed plants having round and yellow seeds with these having wrinkled and green…

A dominant phenotype has the genotypic patterns RR, Rr. The genotype is determined using test cross or back cross Test cross is the crossing of an organisms with an homologous recessive organism Back cross is the crossing of an organism…

DEFINITIONS OF GENETIC TERMS What is Genetics? Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation in all living things. The word genetics was coined by Dilliam Bateson (1906). What is hereditary?: Hereditary/Inheritance is the transmission and expression of characters…

What is Hereditary? Hereditary variation is the differences among individuals which can be passed from the parents to their offspring (progenies). NOTE: No two offspring inherit exactly the same set of characteristics from parents except in identical twins. Hereditary variation…

In the study of genetics, Gregor Mendel (1866) worked with the garden pea. (Pisumsativum)  because of three unique properties present in it. These are The Mendel’s methods of studying genetics are two: Monohybrid inheritance Mendel crossed two different plants which…

Social animals are those in which individuals of the same species live together cooperatively in organized communities known as societies (colonies). Examples of social animals are: social insects (like termites, honey bees or wasps, ants etc), wolves, foxes, baboons etc.…