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OXIDATION NUMBERS

It is often useful to follow chemical reactions by looking at changes in the oxidation numbers of the atoms in each compound during the reaction. Oxidation numbers also play an important role in the systematic nomenclature of chemical compounds. By definition, the oxidation number of an atom is the charge that atom would have if […]

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COMPOUND

In chemistry, a compound is a substance that results from a combination of two or more different chemical element s, in such a way that the atom s of the different elements are held together by chemical bonds that are difficult to break. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of

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RELATIVE ATOMIC MASSES OF ELEMENTS

ISOTOPE Isotopes Definition: Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are different forms of a single element. Examples: Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are both isotopes of carbon, one with 6 neutrons and one with 8 neutrons (both with 6 protons).   ATOMIC WEIGHTS AND ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCE

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PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus. Electrons are extremely lightweight and exist in a cloud orbiting the

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MOLECULES AND ATOMICITY

A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound. Molecules are made up of atom s that are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electron s among atoms. The atoms of

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ELEMENTS

Element Definition: A chemical element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Elements are defined by the number of protons they possess. These are the first 20 elements, listed in order: 1 – H – Hydrogen 2 – He – Helium 3 – Li – Lithium 4 – Be – Beryllium

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PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

In our daily life, we come across many objects, the knowledge about which can be gained by one or more of our senses like sight, touch, hearing, taste and smelling. These objects possess mass, occupy space and may have different shapes, sizes and colours. All these objects constitute matter. Matter may thus, be defined as

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Chemistry as a Subject

Chemistry as a Subject and as a Central Science CHEMISTRY AS A DISCIPLINE Human mind has always been very curious to make investigations and know about various activities/phenomena occurring around him. This curiosity has led him to collect information through experiments and observations. The curious mind has also been responsible for the research activities of

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STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

ORBITALS OF THE ATOM The region in space within which there is maximum possibility of finding an electron in an atom is called an ATOMIC ORBITAL. We have s, p, d, and f orbitals. Shapes of s and p orbitals are as follows:                                                       

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NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

NAMING OF BINARY COMPOUNDS Nomenclature: This is the system of naming chemical compounds. The system is called IUPAC (International union of pure and applied chemistry). The naming is determined by the constituent elements in the compound and the oxidation number if necessary. In naming binary compounds (compounds with only two elements), electropositive elements (cations) are

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PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

ATOMS AND MOLECULES Matter is made up of discrete particles. The main ones are atoms, molecules, and ions. An atom is the smallest part of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction. A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that can exist alone and still retains the chemical properties of

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STANDARD SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

STANDARD SEPARATION TECHNIQUES The importance of separating a mixture into its constituents cannot be over emphasized since most substances are needed in their pure form. There are many standard separation techniques. Some of these separating techniques are filtration, centrifugation and decantation. Others include sieving, magnetic separation and sublimation, evaporation, crystallization, fractional precipitation, distillation, fractional distillation,

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COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

COMPOUND A Compound is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined together. A compound is formed as a result of chemical change. Examples of compounds are Compound                               Constituent Elements Water                                       Hydrogen, oxygen Sand                                        silicon, oxygen Limestone                                calcium, carbon, oxygen Common salt                            sodium, chlorine Ethanol                                    carbon, hydrogen, oxygen   PROPERTIES OF A COMPOUND

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ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS & VALENCY

ELEMENTS AND SYMBOLS An element is a substance which cannot be split into simpler units by ordinary chemical process. There are over one hundred known elements.   SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS There are three ways in which symbols of elements are derived. From the first letter of the name of the element Element                        Symbols Hydrogen                                

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NATURE OF MATTER

Matter is anything that has weight and occupies space. It exists in three states namely: solid, liquid and gas. The fundamental difference between the three states of matter depends on the degree of movement of the particles they are made of. SOLID STATE The particles of a solid are tightly packed and held together by

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LABORATORY FAMILIARIZATION

DEFINITION OF LABORATORY A laboratory is a room or building equipped for scientific experimentation or research. It is a special facility where experiments are done and typically contains scientific equipment and apparatus.   LABORATORY APPARATUS Laboratory apparatus refers to the various tools or equipment used by scientists working in the laboratory. Some common laboratory apparatuses

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INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY AS A SCIENCE SUBJECT Science is an organized body of knowledge gathered through systematic experimentations and philosophical observations. Chemistry can be defined as a branch of science which deals with the study of the nature, structure, composition, properties and uses of all forms of matter and the changes in structure and composition which matter

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