JSS1 - SS3 Lesson Notes
Lesson Notes, Audio Lessons, Exam Questions
Lesson Notes, Audio Lessons, Exam Questions
The group V elements include: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth. There are more differences than similarities between the elements in this group. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION The electronic configuration of the group V elements is as follows: Nitrogen = 7: 1s2…
Halogens (salt formers) are found in group VII of the periodic table. They are the most reactive nonmetals. They have seven valence electrons, they exist as diatomic molecules, and they are coloured and ionizes to form univalent negative ions. They…
Oxygen is the most abundant element on earth. It constitutes 21% by volume of atmospheric air. Occurrence: It occurs as free elements in nature and in combined states. PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN FAMILY Elements in group VI include: Oxygen (O), Sulphur…
Equilibrium can be defined as the state of a system where there is no observable or detectable change in the properties of the system with respect to time. Examples of system in equilibrium STATIC AND DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Static equilibrium is…
Meaning of rate of Reaction The rate of a chemical reaction is the number of moles of reactants converted or products formed per unit time. Usually, rate of reaction is determined experimentally by measuring change in concentration…
Volumetric Analysis Volumetric analysis involves acid base titration. Mole Ratio Mole ratio is the ratio of the reacting species. This determines the ratio of the acid that would react with the base. Examples are CaVa = ½ CbVb CaVa…
Identification of gases e.g CO2, SO2 and O2. Characteristics test for anions e.g SO42-,SO32-,CO32-,NO-3, Cl–, etc. The anions are negatively change ions examples of anions are SO42-,SO32-,CO32-,S2- etc. Identification of Gases Gases identification Test For Anions Test for SO42- Test …
Introduction to Qualitative Analysis Test for carbons using H2S, NaOH and NH4OH, Confirmatory Test for the cat ions. What is Qualitative Analysis? Qualitative analysis involves examination of colour, flame test, effect of heat and confirmatory test for cat ion and…
Aluminum can be obtained as Kaolin, Al2O3.2SiO3.2H2O, cryolite. Na3AlF6, Corundum Al2O3 and mica K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2. NB: the main source of aluminum is bauxite Al2O3.2H2O Extraction Aluminum can be found in clay and rocks, but due to their high silica content, they…
Metals are found mixed with earthy materials as ores. Ores are often Concentration of the ore can be done by any of the following ways: Roasting in Air The ore is roasted in air to convert to an oxide. There…
The atoms of metals are held together in crystal lattice by metallic bonds Properties Factors affecting the formation of metal strength The Valence Electrons Intermolecular Bonding This is the type of chemical bonding which can be found in some molecular…
Simple Molecules and Their Shapes Covalent Molecules, e.g methane, diamond, crystalline solid – their network structure e.g diamond. Simple Molecules and their shapes The factors that is responsible for the shape of simple covalent molecules are Covalent Molecules Let consider…
Nuclear Reaction This is the spontaneous emission of radiation that involves the nuclei of radioactive element. Nuclear Fusion This is the process in which two or more light nuclei of elements combine together to form a heavier nucleus with release…
Nuclear Chemistry is an aspect of chemistry that deal with nuclei of atoms. Radioactivity This is the spontaneous emission of radiation by radioactive element such as Thorium, Uranium etc. Characteristics of Nuclear Chemistry Types of Radiation There are three (3)…
It is often useful to follow chemical reactions by looking at changes in the oxidation numbers of the atoms in each compound during the reaction. Oxidation numbers also play an important role in the systematic nomenclature of chemical compounds. By…
In chemistry, a compound is a substance that results from a combination of two or more different chemical element s, in such a way that the atom s of the different elements are held together by chemical bonds that are…
ISOTOPE Isotopes Definition: Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are different forms of a single element. Examples: Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are both isotopes of carbon, one with 6 neutrons…
Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the center of the atom, which is…
A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound. Molecules are made up of atom s that are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds form as…
ELEMENTS Element Definition: A chemical element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Elements are defined by the number of protons they possess. These are the first 20 elements, listed in order: 1 – H –…