Lesson Notes, Audio Lessons, Exam Questions
Lesson Notes, Audio Lessons, Exam Questions
Welcome to our collection of Biology lesson notes covering all topics for SS 1 to SS 3 students. These notes are aligned with the WAEC and NECO syllabus, providing a structured approach to mastering key concepts in Biology. From cell biology to ecology, you’ll find lessons on the essential topics you need to excel in your exams.
Our resources are designed to support both independent study and classroom learning, helping you build a strong foundation in Biology.
Whether you’re revising for your exams or seeking to understand complex concepts, these notes and topics will guide your learning every step of the way.
See our comprehensive Biology lesson notes and topics for SS 1 to SS 3 students. Perfect for WAEC and NECO preparation.
Plant Cell & Animal Cell Cell Specialisation Cells are specialised to perform different functions in both plants and animals Example; Organs An organ is made up of different tissues e.g. the heart, lungs, kidneys and the brain in animals and…
The medium (solution) surrounding cells or organisms is described by the terms hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic. A solution whose solute concentration is more than that of the cell sap is said to be hypertonic A cell placed in such a…
What is a cell? The cell is the basic unit of an organism. All living organisms are made up of cells. Some organisms are made up of one cell and others are said to be multicellular. Other organisms are made…
Observation of Organisms Presenting the Results of Observations Size is measured or estimated How to Draw How does it interact with other animals and the environment? Collection, Observation and Recording of Organisms Collection 3. Place in polythene bags and take…
What is Biology? Biology derived from Greek words – BIOS meaning LIFE and LOGY meaning STUDY or KNOWLEDGE. Biology means “life knowledge”. It is the study of living things/organisms BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOGY
Life defined through observations of activities carried out by living things; Nutrition Nutrition is the processes by which food/nutrients are acquired/made and utilized by living organisms. Green plants and certain bacteria make their own food. All other organisms feed on…
The Meaning of HIV/AIDS The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first reported in the Los Angeles city of California in 1980. It was first diagnosed in a gay man (homosexual). AIDS is the most…
LOCATION AND STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES Chromatin granules (thread – like structures) found in the nucleus of eucaryotic cells are the precursors or raw materials of chromosomes. Chromosomes occur in pairs known as homologous chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of…
Sex–linked traits are characteristics whose genes are carried on the X chromosome of the sex chromosomes instead of autosomes. Such genes are inherited along with such X chromosomes. They are all controlled by a recessive gene. Examples of Sex-linked traits…
Gregor Mendel crossed plants which differ in two pairs of contrasting characteristics e.g. seed shape (round or wrinkled seeds) and seed colour (yellow or green seeds). He crossed plants having round and yellow seeds with these having wrinkled and green…
A dominant phenotype has the genotypic patterns RR, Rr. The genotype is determined using test cross or back cross Test cross is the crossing of an organisms with an homologous recessive organism Back cross is the crossing of an organism…
DEFINITIONS OF GENETIC TERMS What is Genetics? Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation in all living things. The word genetics was coined by Dilliam Bateson (1906). What is hereditary?: Hereditary/Inheritance is the transmission and expression of characters…
What is Hereditary? Hereditary variation is the differences among individuals which can be passed from the parents to their offspring (progenies). NOTE: No two offspring inherit exactly the same set of characteristics from parents except in identical twins. Hereditary variation…
In the study of genetics, Gregor Mendel (1866) worked with the garden pea. (Pisumsativum) because of three unique properties present in it. These are The Mendel’s methods of studying genetics are two: Monohybrid inheritance Mendel crossed two different plants which…
Social animals are those in which individuals of the same species live together cooperatively in organized communities known as societies (colonies). Examples of social animals are: social insects (like termites, honey bees or wasps, ants etc), wolves, foxes, baboons etc.…
ORGANIC EVOLUTION Organic evolution is the sum total of adaptive changes from pre–existing or old forms that has taken place over a long time resulting in diversity of forms, structures and functions among organism. The basis of evolution is that…
Population is a group of organisms of the same specie living in a specified area within a given period of time. Variation refers to the differences which exist between individuals of the same species Types of variations Morphological variation is…
ADAPTIVE COLOURATION This is the possession by an organism of a colour which enables it to catch its prey, avoid its predators or enemies, secure mates and ensure their survival. Adaptive colouration may be grouped into BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION: Behaviour is…
COMPETITION Competition is the process by which living organisms in the habitat struggle with one another for limited essential needs in the environment. Such scarce resources in plants include; light, space, nutrient and water while animals complete for food, space…
STRUCTURE OF A FRUIT What is a fruit? A fruit is a matured fertilized ovary of a flower containing one or more seeds. Contrary to this, some plants do not undergo fertilization for the formation of their fruit. Such fruits…