Biology

Biology

ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT

TYPES OF ASSOCIATIONS AND THEIR FEATURES SYMBIOSIS OR MUTUALISM (+  +) Definition: When both population benefit and at least one of them is so dependent upon the other for some critical resource or function that it cannot survive in the given environment without the other species is referred to as mutualism or symbiosis. Symbiosis is […]

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Biology

FUNCTIONING ECOSYSTEM

FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS Since all living organisms must obtain energy and nutrients from the environment in order to remain alive, they are into feeding relationships. This makes an ecosystem a functional unit. All organisms fall into one of the three major groups of biotic community, namely: producers (autotrophs), consumer (heterotrophs) and decomposers The autotrophs provide food

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Biology

POPULATION

POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS These include population size, density, frequency, percentage cover and distribution. Population size: – this is the number of organisms of the same species living together in a given area at a particular time. Population density: – this is the number of a particular species per unit area or volume of the habitat. Therefore

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Biology

BIOMES

Biomes are large natural terrestrial ecosystems, identified by their dominant vegetation. They are terrestrial because plants form the bulk of the community in any ecosystem e.g. a forest biome has densely packed tall trees while grasses and few scattered shrubs are found in a savanna biome. Climatic factors determine the type of vegetation in a

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Biology

BASIC ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS

DEFINITION OF ECOLOGY Ecology is the study of plant and animals (as well as microorganism) in relation to their environment. As a practical science, ecological studies involve:- Studying the distribution of living organisms Finding out how living organisms depend on themselves and their non-living environment for survival. Measuring factors affecting the environment. BRANCHES OF ECOLOGY

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Biology

NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

ANIMAL NUTRITION Animals generally cannot manufacture their food. Rather, they depend directly or indirectly on plants for their food. Hence they are called heterotrophs. Based on their food types, animals are grouped into three: Carnivores which feed on flesh or other animals e.g. lion. Herbivores which feed on plants e.g goat. Omnivores, which feed on

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Biology

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

There are two types of sexual reproduction, this includes conjugation and fusion of gametes. Conjugation: the simplest form of sexual reproduction, as contrasted with asexual reproduction. This is observed in some unicellular organisms e. g. paramecium, fungi e. g. rhizopus, algae e. g. spirogyra. Two similar organisms (conjugants) join together and exchange genetic material contained

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Biology

REPRODUCTION

MEANING AND TYPES OF REPRODUCTION Reproduction is the ability of an organism to give rise to new individuals of the same species in order to ensure continuity of life. There are two types of reproduction asexual reproduction sexual reproduction Asexual Reproduction: is the process whereby an organism produces an offspring by itself. I.e. only one

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Biology

TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HIGHER PLANTS

In simple unicellular plant materials are exchanged by simple diffusion process between the plants and its aquatic environment. Hence there is no need for elaborate transport system. However, in higher plant such as ferns and the flowering plants. There is a need for elaborate transport system for transporting water and mineral salts from the soil

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Biology

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | CLOTTING, VESSELS, ARTERY, VEIN, HEART & ORGANS

PROTECTIVE FUNCTION OF BLOOD The blood performs two basic functions in mammals and these are: (1) Transportation of various substances and (2) Protection of the body against diseases The blood defends the body in major ways Antibody production (Clumping): The lymphocytes produce antibodies which are any of a large variety of proteins normally present in

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Biology

MAMMALIAN TEETH

TYPES OF TEETH Human beings have two sets of teeth in their lifetime. The first set is called the milk teeth that grow when the child is few months old. They are about twenty (20) in numbers. These include only three types of teeth i.e. Incisors, canine and premolars. They later fall off to be

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Agricultural Science

TISSUE AND SUPPORTING SYSTEM

To carry out life processes, all organisms (plants and animals) need tissues. Tissues are group of similar cells that carry out specific functions. Skeleton is the framework of the body which provides support, shape and protection to the soft tissues and organs in animals. It forms the central core of human body and it is

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Biology

CHROMOSOME | THE BASIS OF HEREDITARY

LOCATION AND STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES Chromatin granules (thread – like structures) found in the nucleus of eucaryotic cells are the precursors or raw materials of chromosomes.   Chromosomes occur in pairs known as homologous chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of two threads called chromatids joined at a point called centromere. Each human somatic cell

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Biology

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

ORGANIC EVOLUTION Organic evolution is the sum total of adaptive changes from pre–existing or old forms that has taken place over a long time resulting in diversity of forms, structures and functions among organism. The basis of evolution is that all organisms have pre–existing ancestors.   Evidences of evolution Fossil record: A fossil is an

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