Category Chemistry Lesson Notes For SS1 – SS3

In chemistry, a compound is a substance that results from a combination of two or more different chemical element s, in such a way that the atom s of the different elements are held together by chemical bonds that are…

Isotope Isotopes Definition: Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are different forms of a single element. Examples: Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are both isotopes of carbon, one with 6 neutrons…

Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the center of the atom, which…

A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound. Molecules are made up of atom s that are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds form as…

Element Definition: A chemical element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Elements are defined by the number of protons they possess. These are the first 20 elements, listed in order:1 – H – Hydrogen2 –…

In our daily life, we come across many objects, the knowledge about which can be gained by one or more of our senses like sight, touch, hearing, taste and smelling. These objects possess mass, occupy space and may have different…

CHEMISTRY AS A DISCIPLINE The human mind has always been very curious to make investigations and know about various activities/phenomena occurring around it. This curiosity has led him to collect information through experiments and observations. The curious mind has also…

Orbitals of The Atom The region in space within which there is maximum possibility of finding an electron in an atom is called an ATOMIC ORBITAL. We have s, p, d, and f orbitals. Shapes of s and p orbitals…

Constituents of an Atom  Atoms are made up of sub-particles. Protons, electrons and neutrons. Proton has a positive charge, electron has a negative charge, and neutron has no charge. Atomic number and mass number The atomic number of an element…

Naming of Binary Compounds Nomenclature: This is the system of naming chemical compounds. The system is called IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). The naming is determined by the constituent elements in the compound and the oxidation number,…

Atoms and Molecules Matter is made up of discrete particles. The main ones are atoms, molecules, and ions. An atom is the smallest part of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction. A molecule is the smallest…

The importance of separating a mixture into its constituents cannot be overemphasised since most substances are needed in their pure form. There are many standard separation techniques. Some of these separating techniques are filtration, centrifugation and decantation. Others include sieving,…

Compound A Compound is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined. A compound is formed as a result of a chemical change. Examples of compounds are Compound                               Constituent Elements Water                                       Hydrogen, oxygen Sand                                        silicon, oxygen Limestone                                calcium,…

Elements & Symbols  An element is a substance which cannot be split into simpler units by ordinary chemical process. There are over one hundred known elements. SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS There are three ways in which symbols of elements are derived.…

Matter is anything that has weight and occupies space. It exists in three states, namely: solid, liquid and gas. The fundamental difference between the three states of matter depends on the degree of movement of the particles they are made…

Definition of Laboratory A laboratory is a room or building equipped for scientific experimentation or research. It is a special facility where experiments are done and typically contains scientific equipment and apparatus. Laboratory Apparatus Laboratory apparatus refers to the various…

Chemistry As a Science Subject Science is an organised body of knowledge gathered through systematic experimentation and philosophical observations. Chemistry can be defined as a branch of science which deals with the study of the nature, structure, composition, properties and…

Charge flow during electrolysis The coulomb is the electrolytic unit of charge. A current of one ampere is the rate of flow of charge equal to one coulomb per second. The charge is calculated from the knowledge of the number…

The importance of electrochemical cells or galvanic cells lies in their ability to provide us with a portable source of electrical energy. We have already studied that indirect redox reaction is, primarily, the basis of all the electrochemical cells Quite…

It is a well known fact that energy menifests itself in different forms which are interconvertible into one another. Among different forms of energy, the electrical energy plays a very significant role in our daily life. Many chemical transformations and…