MATERIALS NEEDED FOR COLLECTION OF ORGANISMS Knives to cut portions of plant stem/root or uproot Polythene bags to put the collected plant or specimens Insect collecting jars Insect killing jars Hand gloves Sweep nets Pooters Traps Observation of Organisms Observe the plant/animal in its natural habitat before collecting Identify the exact place -on surface,…
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY What is Biology? Biology derived from Greek words – BIOS meaning LIFE and LOGY meaning STUDY or KNOWLEDGE. Biology means “life knowledge”. It is the study of living things/organisms BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY Botany – study of plants Zoology – study of animals Microbiology – study’ of microscopic organisms Morphology – study…
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS Life defined through observations of activities carried out by living things; Nutrition Nutrition is the processes by which food/nutrients are acquired/made and utilized by living organisms. Green plants and certain bacteria make their own food. All other organisms feed on complex organic materials. Respiration This is the breakdown of…
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CHROMOSOME: THE BASIS OF HEREDITARY – FULL EXPLANATION LOCATION AND STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES Chromatin granules (thread – like structures) found in the nucleus of eucaryotic cells are the precursors or raw materials of chromosomes. Chromosomes occur in pairs known as homologous chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of two threads called chromatids joined…
SEX-LINKED TRAITS Sex–linked traits are characteristics whose genes are carried on the X chromosome of the sex chromosomes instead of autosomes. Such genes are inherited along with such X chromosomes. They are all controlled by a recessive gene. Examples of Sex-linked traits are: colour blindness, haemophilia, baldness, sickle cell anaemia and albinism. Colour blindness: A…
DIHYBRID INHERITANCE Gregor Mendel crossed plants which differ in two pairs of contrasting characteristics e.g. seed shape (round or wrinkled seeds) and seed colour (yellow or green seeds). He crossed plants having round and yellow seeds with these having wrinkled and green seeds. The F1 seeds were having round and yellow seeds. Self-pollinating F1 plants…
DETERMINATION OF THE GENOTYPE OF A DOMINANT PHENOTYPE A dominant phenotype has the genotypic patterns RR, Rr. The genotype is determined using test cross or back cross Test cross is the crossing of an organisms with an homologous recessive organism Back cross is the crossing of an organism with an homologous recessive organism from the…
BIOLOGY OF HEREDITARY AND VARIATION (GENETICS) DEFINITIONS OF GENETIC TERMS What is Genetics? Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation in all living things. The word genetics was coined by Dilliam Bateson (1906). What is hereditary?: Hereditary/Inheritance is the transmission and expression of characters or traits from parents to offspring. It accounts for…
HEREDITARY VARIATION AND CAUSES What is Hereditary? Hereditary variation is the differences among individuals which can be passed from the parents to their offspring (progenies). NOTE: No two offspring inherit exactly the same set of characteristics from parents except in identical twins. Hereditary variation arises because of Genetic reshuffling during meiosis due to independent assortment…
MENDELS WORK IN GENETICS In the study of genetics, Gregor Mendel (1866) worked with the garden pea. (Pisumsativum) because of three unique properties present in it. These are Peas are self-pollinating They have a very short lifespan They have several unique genetic characteristics e.g. round or wrinkled seeds, tallness or shortness, seeds /pods/ flowers colouration,…
SOCIAL ANIMALS – MEANING, CHARACTERISTICS, IMPORTANCE & LIFE HISTORY Social animals are those in which individuals of the same species live together cooperatively in organized communities known as societies (colonies). Examples of social animals are: social insects (like termites, honey bees or wasps, ants etc), wolves, foxes, baboons etc. Characteristics of Social Insects…
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION ORGANIC EVOLUTION Organic evolution is the sum total of adaptive changes from pre–existing or old forms that has taken place over a long time resulting in diversity of forms, structures and functions among organism. The basis of evolution is that all organisms have pre–existing ancestors. Evidences of evolution Fossil record: A…
VARIATION IN POPULATION Population is a group of organisms of the same specie living in a specified area within a given period of time. Variation refers to the differences which exist between individuals of the same species Types of variations Morphological variation Physiological variation. Morphological variation is the noticeable physical appearance of individuals of…
ADAPTIVE COLOURATION AND BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION ADAPTIVE COLOURATION This is the possession by an organism of a colour which enables it to catch its prey, avoid its predators or enemies, secure mates and ensure their survival. Adaptive colouration may be grouped into Concealing (cryptic) colouration to help organisms blend with their background and remain unnoticed…
ADAPTATION FOR SURVIVAL COMPETITION Competition is the process by which living organisms in the habitat struggle with one another for limited essential needs in the environment. Such scarce resources in plants include; light, space, nutrient and water while animals complete for food, space or mate. Competition finally results in survival of the fittest and elimination…
What is a fruit? A fruit is a matured fertilized ovary of a flower containing one or more seeds. Contrary to this, some plants do not undergo fertilization for the formation of their fruit.
