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Thrombosis Formation of a clot in the blood vessels is called thrombosis. Coronary thrombosis is the most common. It is caused by blockage of coronary artery which supplies blood to the heart. Blockage may be due to artery becoming fibrous or accumulation of fatty material on the artery walls. Narrow coronary artery results in less […]
The Circulatory System Large and complex animals have circulatory systems that consist of tubes, a transport fluid and a means of pumping the fluid. Blood is the transport fluid which contains dissolved substances and cells. The tubes are blood vessels through which dissolved substances are circulated around the body. The heart is the pumping organ […]
The factors that affect transpiration are grouped into two. Environmental and Structural Factors Cuticle Environmental factors Temperature High temperature increases the internal temperature of the leaf. This in turn increases kinetic energy of water molecules which increases evaporation. High temperatures dry the air around the leaf surface maintaining a high concentration gradient. More water vapour […]
BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 3- FIRST TERM 1. Regulation of Internal Environment 2. Nervous Co-ordination 3. Sense Organs 4. Ecology of Population 5. Balance in Nature 6. Reproductive System and Reproduction in Humans BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 3- SECOND TERM 1. Development of New Seeds 2. Fruits 3. Reproductive Behaviours 4. Biology of Heredity (Genetics) 5. […]
BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 2- FIRST TERM Organization of Life – Classification of Plants The Organism at Work – Digestive System – Transport System – Respiratory System – Excretory System BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 2- SECOND TERM The Organism and Its Environment – Nutrient Cycling in Nature – Ecological Management: Association, Tolerance, Adaptation, Pollution – Conservation […]
BIOLOGY SS 1- FIRST TERM Organization of Life 1. Recognizing living things 2. Classification of Living Things – Kingdoms: Monere, Protista and Fungi, Plantae and Animalia 3. The cell 4. The Cell and its Environment 5. Some Properties and ‘Functions of the Cell 6. Tissues and Supporting Systems 7. Nutrition in Animals BIOLOGY SS […]
These are organic compounds that are essential for proper growth, development and functioning of the body. Vitamins are required in very small quantities They are not stored and must be included in the diet Vitamins Band C are soluble in water, the rest are soluble in fat Various vitamins are used in different ways […]
COMMON DENTAL DISEASES – Carries, Causes, Treatment & Periodontal Diseases Dental Carries Dental carries are the holes or cavities that are formed as acid corrodes enamel and eventually the dentine Causes This is caused by bacteria acting on the food left between teeth and on the cusp Acids are formed that eventually corrode the enamel […]
TYPES OF MAMMALIAN TEETH Mammals have four kinds of teeth The incisors are found at the front of the jaw They are sharp-edged and are used for biting The canines are located at the sides of the jaw They are pointed and are used for tearing and piercing The premolars are next to the canines […]
ENZYMES – FULL EXPLANATION Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reaction in the body. They are all produced inside cells. Some are intracellular and they catalyse reactions within the cells. Others are extracellular and are secreted out of the cells where they work e.g. digestive enzymes Properties of Enzymes Enzymes […]
NUTRITION IN ANIMALS – HETEROTROPHISM Meaning and Types of Heterotrophism This is a mode of nutrition whereby organisms feed on complex organic matter from other plants or animals All animals are heterotrophs Their mode of feeding is also said to be holozoic to distinguish it from other special types of heterotrophic nutrition namely: Saprophytism Parasitism […]
Proteins are the most abundant organic compounds in cells and constitute 50% of total dry weight Proteins are compounds which are made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sometimes sulphur and phosphorus. The structural units of proteins are amino acids The nature of a protein is determined by the types of amino acids it […]
POLYSACCHARIDES If many monosaccharides are joined together through condensation, a polysaccharide is formed Polysaccharides may consist of hundreds or even thousands of monosaccharide units Examples of polysaccharides: Starch – storage material in plants Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate in animals like starch, but has longer chains Isulin – a storage carbohydrate in some plants e.g. […]
DISACCHARIDES – WELL EXPLAINED These contain two monosaccharide units. The chemical process through which a large molecule (e.g a disaccharide) is formed from smaller molecules is called condensation and it involves loss of water Common examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose and lactose Disaccharides are broken into their monosaccharide units by heating with dilute […]
MONOSACCHARIDES These are simple sugars The carbon atoms in these sugars form a chain to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of carbon atoms they possess The most common monosaccharides are: Glucose – found free in fruits and vegetables Fructose – found free in fruits and in […]
Active transport is the movement of solutes such as glucose, amino acids and mineral ions; From an area of their low concentration to an area of high concentration. It is movement against a concentration gradient and therefore energy is required. As such it only takes place in living organisms The energy needed comes from respiration. […]
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS WHICH CONSTITUTE LIVING ORGANISMS All matter is made up of chemical elements, each of which exists in the form of smaller units called atoms Some of the elements occur in large amounts in living things These include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus Elements combine together to form compounds Some of these […]
COMPARISON BETWEEN ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELL Plant Cell & Animal Cell Cell Specialisation Cells are specialised to perform different functions in both plants and animals Example; Palisade cells have many chloroplasts for photosynthesis Root hair cells are long and thin to absorb water from the soil Red blood cells have hemoglobin which transports oxygen […]
WATER RELATIONS IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS The medium (solution) surrounding cells or organisms is described by the terms hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic. A solution whose solute concentration is more than that of the cell sap is said to be hypertonic A cell placed in such a solution loses water to the surroundings by osmosis […]
THE CELL – Cell membrane, Cell wall, Plasma Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum & Ribosomes, Goigi Bodies, Mitochondria Introduction What is a cell? The cell is the basic unit of an organism. All living organisms are made up of cells. Some organisms are made up of one cell and others are said to be multicellular. Other organisms […]
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