Franklin Pierce - 14th President of the US - 2024

Franklin Pierce – The 14th President of the United States

Franklin Pierce, the 14th President of the United States, served from 1853 to 1857. Despite his promising start and popularity, his presidency was marred by divisive issues such as the expansion of slavery and the growing tensions between the North and South. This essay aims to provide an in-depth exploration of Pierce’s life, political career, accomplishments, and the challenges he faced during his presidency.

Table of Contents

Early Life

Franklin Pierce was born on November 23, 1804, in Hillsborough, New Hampshire. He hailed from a politically active family and developed an early interest in politics. Pierce attended Bowdoin College in Maine, where he excelled academically and formed lifelong friendships with future influential figures such as Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Franklin Pierce’s early life and education played a significant role in shaping his future political career. Born into a politically active family, Pierce was exposed to the world of politics from a young age. His father, Benjamin Pierce, served as a Revolutionary War veteran and later became a prominent Democratic-Republican politician in New Hampshire. The family’s involvement in politics instilled in young Franklin a passion for public service.

In 1820, at the age of 15, Pierce enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. During his time at Bowdoin, Pierce demonstrated exceptional academic abilities and a natural aptitude for leadership. He graduated fifth in his class in 1824 and formed enduring friendships with classmates who would go on to become influential figures, including the renowned author Nathaniel Hawthorne.

After completing his undergraduate studies, Pierce pursued a legal career and studied law under the guidance of Judge Levi Woodbury, a family friend and future U.S. Supreme Court Justice. Pierce was admitted to the bar in 1827 and began practicing law in Hillsborough, New Hampshire.

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Despite his growing success as a lawyer, Pierce’s true passion lay in politics. He quickly became involved in the Democratic Party and emerged as a charismatic and ambitious young politician. In 1829, at the age of 24, he won election to the New Hampshire State Legislature, launching his political career.

Pierce’s early experiences in politics and his connections with influential individuals like Woodbury helped propel his rise within the Democratic Party. His compelling oratory skills, good looks, and ability to connect with people on a personal level endeared him to his constituents and party members alike.

It is worth noting that Pierce’s political ascent coincided with a tumultuous era in American history. He witnessed the rapid expansion of the country westward, the debates over slavery, and the rising tensions that would ultimately lead to the American Civil War.

Overall, Franklin Pierce’s early life and education laid the foundation for his future political career. His upbringing in a politically engaged family, his education at Bowdoin College, and his early involvement in New Hampshire politics all contributed to his development as a charismatic and ambitious leader within the Democratic Party. These formative years set the stage for his eventual presidency and the challenges he would face during a crucial period in American history.

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Education

Franklin Pierce’s education played a significant role in shaping his intellectual development and preparing him for a career in law and politics. Here are more details about his educational journey:

1. Schooling: As a child, Pierce received his primary education at local district schools in Hillsborough, New Hampshire. During this time, he developed a keen interest in reading and demonstrated an aptitude for learning.

2. Phillips Exeter Academy: At the age of 12, Pierce’s father enrolled him at Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. The academy was known for its rigorous academic program and emphasis on classical education. Pierce thrived at Exeter and further honed his intellectual skills, particularly in literature, rhetoric, and languages.

3. Bowdoin College: In 1820, Pierce enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. He joined the freshman class alongside other notable figures, including poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and author Nathaniel Hawthorne. At Bowdoin, Pierce continued to excel academically, particularly in subjects such as Latin, Greek, and literature. He also displayed a talent for public speaking and became involved in student organizations and debates.

4. Legal Studies: Following his graduation from Bowdoin College in 1824, Pierce pursued legal studies. He studied law under the mentorship of Judge Levi Woodbury, a family friend, and future U.S. Supreme Court Justice. Pierce’s legal education provided him with a solid foundation in the principles of law, courtroom procedures, and legal reasoning.

5. Admission to the Bar: After completing his legal studies, Pierce was admitted to the bar in 1827. He began practicing law in his hometown of Hillsborough, New Hampshire, where he quickly gained a reputation as a skilled and eloquent lawyer.

It is important to note that Pierce’s education extended beyond formal schooling. Throughout his life, he remained an avid reader and continued to expand his knowledge in various subjects, including history, politics, and literature. His friendship with Nathaniel Hawthorne, which began during their time at Bowdoin, allowed them to engage in intellectual discussions and share literary pursuits.

Pierce’s education provided him with the intellectual tools, critical thinking skills, and knowledge of the law necessary for a successful career in politics and public service. His time at Bowdoin College, in particular, fostered a love for learning, public speaking, and networking, which proved invaluable as he pursued his political ambitions.

Early Political Career

Following his graduation from law school, Pierce entered the political arena in New Hampshire. He quickly gained recognition for his oratory skills and charisma, earning him the nickname “Handsome Frank.” Pierce served in the New Hampshire legislature, both in the House of Representatives and the Senate, where he championed the Democratic Party’s principles.

Franklin Pierce’s early political career was marked by his quick rise within the Democratic Party and his unwavering commitment to promoting its principles. Here are more details about his early political pursuits:

1. New Hampshire State Legislature: At the age of 24, Pierce won the election to the New Hampshire State Legislature in 1829. He served two terms in the House of Representatives and one term in the State Senate. During his time in the legislature, Pierce emerged as a persuasive and influential voice for the Democratic Party. He passionately advocated for the party’s platform, which emphasized states’ rights, limited government interference, and support for the common man.

2. Advocate for Democratic Principles: As a staunch Democrat, Pierce aligned himself with the party’s leaders and championed their policies. He embraced Andrew Jackson’s populist agenda and strongly supported Jackson’s presidency. Pierce’s oratory skills and ability to connect with people on a personal level made him a powerful advocate for Democratic principles, particularly in his home state of New Hampshire.

3. U.S. House of Representatives: In 1833, Pierce was elected to the United States House of Representatives, where he represented New Hampshire’s 2nd congressional district. During his time in Congress, Pierce continued to promote Democratic ideals and became known for his eloquent speeches and persuasive arguments. He supported the policies of President Martin Van Buren, including his efforts to address economic issues and maintain the balance between the North and the South.

4. U.S. Senate: In 1837, Pierce left the House of Representatives and was elected to the United States Senate. As a senator, he focused on national issues and played a role in shaping legislation, particularly on matters related to expanding westward and the annexation of Texas. Pierce remained a loyal supporter of the Democratic Party’s principles and consistently advocated for states’ rights and territorial expansion.

Pierce’s early political career demonstrated his unwavering commitment to the Democratic Party and its core tenets. His oratory skills, charisma, and ability to connect with the common people helped him gain recognition and influence within the party. Pierce’s support for Democratic policies and his dedication to advancing the party’s agenda propelled his rise within the political landscape of New Hampshire and beyond.

It is worth noting that Pierce’s political career during this period coincided with significant national debates and events, including the Nullification Crisis, the Bank War, and the growing tensions over slavery. These issues would continue to shape the political landscape and influence Pierce’s later presidency.

Military Service and the Mexican-American War

During the Mexican-American War, Pierce volunteered for military service and became a brigadier general. He demonstrated courage and leadership on the battlefield, earning praise from his comrades and superiors. Pierce’s military service enhanced his public image and provided a foundation for his future political ambitions.

Franklin Pierce’s military service during the Mexican-American War not only showcased his courage and leadership but also had a profound impact on his public image and political career. Here are further details about his military involvement and its significance:

1. Volunteering for Service: In 1846, at the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, Pierce volunteered for military service. Despite his lack of prior military experience, his political connections and ambition propelled him to seek a role in the conflict. He received a commission as a colonel and was assigned to the 9th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army.

2. Leadership and Bravery: Pierce’s military career quickly gained momentum as he demonstrated exceptional leadership skills and bravery on the battlefield. He participated in several significant engagements, including the Battle of Contreras and the Battle of Churubusco. In both battles, he showed courage under fire and led his troops with distinction. His actions earned him the respect and admiration of his comrades and superiors.

3. Promotion to Brigadier General: Pierce’s leadership abilities and battlefield performance led to his promotion to the rank of brigadier general in 1847. This promotion came as recognition of his demonstrated leadership skills and his contributions to the American war effort in Mexico.

4. Political Implications: Pierce’s military service had significant political implications. His bravery and success on the battlefield elevated his public image and helped solidify his standing within the Democratic Party. The Mexican-American War was a highly debated issue, and Pierce’s involvement allowed him to align himself with the expansionist sentiments of many Democrats. His military service lent credibility to his political career and furthered his aspirations for higher office.

5. Impact on Presidential Campaign: Pierce’s military service became a central part of his presidential campaign in 1852. Supporters touted his military achievements and positioned him as a hero and experienced leader. His military background, combined with his strong support for the Democratic Party’s principles, appealed to voters and contributed to his successful bid for the presidency.

Overall, Franklin Pierce’s military service during the Mexican-American War played a crucial role in shaping his public image and political career. His demonstrated leadership, bravery, and promotion to brigadier general solidified his position within the Democratic Party and enhanced his reputation as a capable leader. The experiences and recognition gained during his military service provided a foundation for his future political ambitions, ultimately leading to his election as the 14th President of the United States.

Presidential Election of 1852

In 1852, Pierce secured the Democratic Party’s nomination for president. His campaign focused on national unity and compromise, emphasizing the preservation of the Union. Pierce’s appeal as a moderate candidate helped him defeat the Whig Party’s nominee, General Winfield Scott, in a landslide victory.

The presidential election of 1852 marked Franklin Pierce’s ascension to the presidency as the nominee of the Democratic Party. His campaign, which prioritized national unity and compromise, resonated with voters and contributed to his landslide victory over General Winfield Scott, the nominee of the Whig Party. Here are further details about the election and Pierce’s campaign:

1. Democratic Nomination: At the Democratic National Convention held in Baltimore in June 1852, Pierce emerged as a compromise candidate. The convention was deeply divided along sectional lines, with tensions rising over the issue of slavery. Pierce, known for his moderate views and conciliatory approach, was seen as a unifying figure. His nomination was a result of a series of deadlocks among other prominent candidates.

2. Platform and Campaign: Pierce’s campaign revolved around the idea of national unity and preserving the Union. He advocated for compromise on divisive issues, including slavery, and sought to appeal to both Northern and Southern voters. His campaign emphasized his military service, portraying him as a war hero, and highlighted his commitment to the principles of the Democratic Party.

3. Opposition: The Whig Party nominated General Winfield Scott as its candidate for the presidency. However, the Whigs were struggling with internal divisions and were unable to mount an effective campaign against Pierce. Scott’s candidacy faced challenges due to his association with the controversial Compromise of 1850, which alienated some Whig voters.

4. Landslide Victory: The election took place on November 2, 1852, and Franklin Pierce secured a decisive victory. He won the popular vote by a comfortable margin of over 200,000 votes and secured 254 electoral votes out of 296, while Scott received only 42 electoral votes. Pierce’s victory was attributed to his ability to appeal to both Northern and Southern voters, his reputation as a moderate, and the divisions within the Whig Party.

5. Significance: Pierce’s election as the 14th President of the United States was significant because it represented a continuation of the prevailing political trends at the time. His campaign, which focused on preserving the Union and avoiding sectional conflict, reflected the desire for compromise and stability amid rising tensions over slavery. However, Pierce’s presidency would ultimately face significant challenges, particularly with the deepening divide between the North and South and the escalating issue of slavery.

In summary, Franklin Pierce’s successful campaign in the presidential election of 1852, centered on national unity and compromise, propelled him to a landslide victory over Winfield Scott. Pierce’s ability to appeal to both Northern and Southern voters, along with the divisions within the Whig Party, contributed to his election as the 14th President of the United States.

Pierce’s Presidency

As President, Pierce faced several critical issues that would ultimately define his legacy. One of the most significant challenges was the debate over slavery’s expansion into the western territories. His support for the controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise, ignited intense opposition from anti-slavery activists and further divided the nation along sectional lines.

Pierce also pursued an expansionist foreign policy, known as “Manifest Destiny,” seeking to extend American influence and territory. His administration successfully negotiated the Gadsden Purchase, acquiring land from Mexico to facilitate the construction of a transcontinental railroad.

Additionally, Pierce implemented policies to modernize the Navy and promote international trade. He supported the development of steam-powered warships and encouraged American involvement in global commerce, fostering economic growth.

Challenges and Controversies of Franklin Pierce’s Presidency

Despite his initial popularity, Pierce faced significant challenges during his presidency. The escalating tensions over slavery and the violent clashes in “Bleeding Kansas” intensified the divide between the North and South. Pierce’s handling of these issues, including his support for the pro-slavery faction in Kansas, further exacerbated the conflict and weakened his administration.

The controversial Ostend Manifesto, a failed attempt to acquire Cuba from Spain, also tarnished Pierce’s reputation. Critics accused him of promoting expansionism at the expense of moral principles, which further alienated him from anti-slavery factions.

Franklin Pierce’s presidency was marked by numerous challenges and controversies, most notably the escalating tensions over slavery and his handling of the “Bleeding Kansas” crisis. Additionally, the Ostend Manifesto, an attempt to acquire Cuba from Spain, further fueled controversy and criticism. Here are further details about these challenges and controversies:

1. “Bleeding Kansas”: One of the most significant challenges during Pierce’s presidency was the violent conflict known as “Bleeding Kansas.” The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which Pierce supported, allowed the residents of these territories to determine whether they would allow slavery through popular sovereignty. This led to a bitter struggle between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Kansas. Pierce’s administration was accused of favoring the pro-slavery faction, which worsened the sectional divide and drew criticism from anti-slavery advocates.

2. Ostend Manifesto: In 1854, the Ostend Manifesto became a source of controversy for Pierce’s administration. The manifesto was a secret memorandum drafted by American diplomats in Ostend, Belgium, which proposed the acquisition of Cuba from Spain. The document argued that if Spain refused to sell Cuba, the United States could consider taking it by force. The manifesto was leaked to the press and caused an uproar. Critics accused Pierce of promoting aggressive expansionism and disregarding moral principles, particularly due to Cuba’s reliance on slavery.

3. Division and Unpopularity: Pierce’s handling of the slavery issue and the subsequent controversies further deepened the divide between the North and South. His perceived sympathy for pro-slavery interests and his failure to effectively address the escalating tensions alienated many Northern states and anti-slavery advocates. As a result, Pierce’s popularity significantly declined, and he faced criticism from both political opponents and members of his own party.

4. The Kansas-Nebraska Act: Pierce’s support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened the possibility of expanding slavery into new territories, also stirred controversy. The act outraged Northern anti-slavery activists and intensified the sectional conflict. Pierce’s endorsement of the legislation damaged his reputation among those who saw it as a betrayal of the principles of freedom and equality.

Overall, Franklin Pierce faced significant challenges and controversies during his presidency, largely stemming from the escalating tensions over slavery and his handling of the issues related to it. The violent clashes in “Bleeding Kansas,” the controversial Ostend Manifesto, and his support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act all contributed to the growing divisions between the North and South. These challenges and controversies weakened Pierce’s administration and deepened the political turmoil that ultimately led to the outbreak of the American Civil War.

Achievements and Successes of Franklin Pierce’s Presidency

While Franklin Pierce’s presidency was marred by challenges and controversies, there were several notable achievements during his tenure. Here are some of the accomplishments associated with his presidency:

1. Gadsden Purchase: One of Pierce’s significant achievements was the negotiation and ratification of the Gadsden Purchase in 1853. The United States acquired a strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico for $10 million. The purchase aimed to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad route and solidify American control over the territory.

2. Foreign Relations: Pierce’s administration pursued an active foreign policy agenda, seeking to expand American influence. He established diplomatic relations with Japan through the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, which opened trade between the two nations after more than two centuries of isolation. Pierce also dispatched Commodore Matthew Perry to Asia, marking the beginning of U.S. engagement with East Asia.

3. Tariff Reform: Pierce advocated for tariff reform during his presidency. He supported a reduction in import duties to promote international trade and lower costs for consumers. Although his efforts to implement significant tariff reform faced resistance in Congress, he made strides in addressing the issue and raising awareness of its importance.

4. Interior Department: Pierce signed the Organic Act of 1849, establishing the United States Department of the Interior in 1849. The creation of this department aimed to consolidate the management of public lands, natural resources, and Native American affairs under a single government agency.

5. Transportation Infrastructure: Pierce supported infrastructure development during his presidency. He advocated for the expansion of railroads, particularly in the West, to facilitate trade, commerce, and westward expansion. Pierce also promoted the improvement of navigable waterways, recognizing their importance for domestic and international trade.

6. Expansionist Agenda: Pierce’s administration promoted an expansionist agenda, seeking to extend American influence and territorial control. While controversial, these efforts reflected the prevailing sentiment of Manifest Destiny at the time.

It is important to note that the achievements associated with Pierce’s presidency should be considered alongside the challenges and controversies of his tenure. While he had notable accomplishments in certain areas, his handling of the issues related to slavery and the deepening sectional divide overshadowed his overall legacy as president.

Legacy and Later Life

After leaving office, Pierce returned to New Hampshire and largely retreated from politics. His reputation suffered due to his association with pro-slavery sentiments and his perceived failures as president. Despite these setbacks, Pierce remained engaged in public life and occasionally offered his support and advice to fellow Democrats. Franklin Pierce’s presidency, while marked by notable accomplishments such as territorial expansion and modernization.

Franklin Pierce’s legacy and later life were shaped by the challenges and controversies of his presidency, as well as his personal struggles. Here are further details about his legacy and the events of his later life:

1. Legacy: Franklin Pierce’s presidency is often regarded as one of the least successful in American history. His administration was marred by the deepening divide over slavery, controversial policies, and a perceived lack of leadership in addressing the issues of the time. His support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the pro-slavery faction in Kansas further alienated him from anti-slavery factions and damaged his reputation. Pierce’s presidency is often seen as a precursor to the intensifying tensions that eventually led to the American Civil War.

2. Personal Tragedies: Throughout his life, Pierce experienced significant personal tragedies. The deaths of all three of his children, as well as the declining health of his wife, Jane Pierce, had a profound impact on his emotional well-being. These tragedies contributed to his withdrawal from public life and affected his ability to effectively govern during his presidency.

3. Later Life: Following his presidency, Pierce returned to his home state of New Hampshire and largely retired from politics. However, he remained interested in current affairs and occasionally offered his support and advice to fellow Democrats. He remained engaged in public life through private correspondence and maintained connections with his political allies.

4. Involvement in the Civil War: Despite his earlier support for the Democratic Party, Pierce’s views on the issue of slavery and the secession of Southern states during the Civil War diverged from the mainstream Democratic stance. While he opposed secession, he also criticized President Abraham Lincoln’s handling of the conflict, particularly with regard to the suspension of civil liberties. Pierce’s critiques and his refusal to fully align himself with either side during the war limited his influence and political relevance during this period.

5. Death and Historical Assessment: Franklin Pierce passed away on October 8, 1869, at the age of 64. Initially, his reputation remained tarnished, with many viewing his presidency unfavorably due to its association with the sectional conflict. However, in later years, some historians have reevaluated Pierce’s presidency, recognizing the challenges he faced and the complex political climate of the time. While his legacy remains mixed, his efforts toward territorial expansion and modernization are acknowledged, even as his handling of the slavery issue continues to be a subject of criticism.

In summary, Franklin Pierce’s legacy is marked by the controversies and challenges of his presidency, as well as personal tragedies. His later life saw him retreat from politics but remain engaged in public affairs to some extent. While his presidency is generally viewed unfavorably, there have been some reassessments of his tenure, recognizing the difficulties he faced and his contributions to territorial expansion and infrastructure development.

Marriage and Family

Franklin Pierce, the 14th President of the United States, had a complex personal life that was marked by both joy and tragedy. Here is an overview of his marriage and family.

Marriage:
Franklin Pierce married Jane Means Appleton on November 19, 1834. Jane was born on March 12, 1806, in Hampton, New Hampshire, and was the daughter of Jesse Appleton, a Congregational minister. Jane was an intelligent and reserved woman who shied away from the public spotlight, in contrast to her more outgoing husband.

Children:
Franklin and Jane had three sons, but unfortunately, all of them died at a young age:

1. Franklin “Frank” Pierce (February 2, 1836 – February 5, 1836): Their first son was born prematurely and died just a few days after birth.

2. Frank Robert Pierce (August 27, 1839 – November 14, 1843): Their second son, known as “Bennie,” died at the age of four from typhus. This loss had a profound impact on Franklin and Jane, and it deepened their emotional struggles.

3. Benjamin “Ben” Pierce (April 13, 1841 – January 6, 1853): Their third son, named after Franklin’s favorite brother, Benjamin Pierce, died at the age of 11 in a train accident in Andover, Massachusetts. The tragedy occurred just a few months before Franklin assumed the presidency.

Due to the premature deaths of all their children, the Pierce family endured immense sorrow and grief throughout Franklin’s political career.

Role of Family in the White House:
During Pierce’s presidency, his wife Jane became increasingly withdrawn and reclusive. She disliked the public and political aspects of the role of First Lady and preferred to remain in the background. Jane Pierce was often in ill health and suffered from depression, exacerbated by the loss of their children.

In an attempt to accommodate his wife’s preferences, President Pierce frequently asked his close friend and former U.S. Senator Jefferson Davis to escort Jane to social functions and public events. Davis later became the President of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War.

After the completion of Franklin Pierce’s term in 1857, the couple retired to their home in Concord, New Hampshire. Jane Pierce lived in seclusion and avoided any involvement in public life until her death on December 2, 1863.

In summary, Franklin Pierce’s marriage to Jane Appleton was marked by personal tragedy, as all their children passed away at young ages. The loss of their sons and Jane’s subsequent withdrawal from public life contributed to the somber atmosphere surrounding Pierce’s presidency.

Summary

Franklin Pierce’s presidency, which spanned from 1853 to 1857, was marked by significant challenges and controversies. Despite notable achievements such as territorial expansion and infrastructure development, his tenure is often viewed as one of the least successful in American history. Pierce faced escalating tensions over slavery and struggled to navigate the deepening divide between the North and South. His support for the pro-slavery faction in Kansas and the controversial Ostend Manifesto tarnished his reputation and furthered sectional conflict. Pierce’s presidency is often seen as a precursor to the American Civil War, and his handling of the issues of his time remains a subject of criticism.