Phrasal verbs, Adverbs, Conjunctions and Prepositions

INTRODUCTION TO PHRASAL VERBS.

Phrasal Verbs: Verbs often combine with adverbial particles to form multi-word verbs or phrasal verbs.Its meanings cannot be determined from the meaning of the verb and the particles in isolation, rather, it has to be comprehended from the entire phrase

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Examples

turn down: refuse :I turned down the offer

give in: surrender: Our team refused to give in to their opponents.

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run across: meet by chance: We ran across an old friend yesterday at Aba.

call off: cancel: The workers have called off their strike.

turn up: appear: He turned up as soon as we arrived.

put off: postpone: The election was put off till the next meeting.

come across: meet by chance: We came across Ledogo in the street.

come through: experience: He has come through a lot of hardship in life.

Phrasal verbs with double particles, and the whole combination has a single meaning e.g.put up with= tolerate ( I cannot put up with his insulting behaviour)

cut down on: reduce: We have been advised to cut down on our expenses.

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get away with: go free from: He cannot get away with the crime.

look forward to: anticipate: We look forward to your next visit.

stay away from: avoid: You have been warned to stay away from the building.

Adverbs, Conjunction and Prepositions

ADVERB

An adverb is a word that modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

FORMATION OF ADVERBS

Many adverbs are formed from adjectives. e.g certain- certainly fortunate- fortunately, careful-carefully, quick- quickly, indoor-indoors, outdoor-outdoors

Some Adverbs showing direction end in –wards– E.g downwards, forwards, backwards,

Some adverbs expressing manner or viewpoint end in –wise– E.g clockwise, foodwise, moneywise.

Many other adverbs have no special ending– always, early , fast, if, how, quite, often, very, when, hard, late, so, very.

TYPES OF ADVERBS

ADJUNCTS: These normally tell us how, when, where, to what extent, etc, the action of the verb is performed.

Examples:

He came at 6 O’clock (when)
She ran fast. (how?)

DISJUNCTS: These normally express an attitude or a viewpoint, often of the speaker. E.g, Luckily She arrived

Frankly, we were in the wrong. Ola is certainly the best. Foolishly, he fell. Other examples are honestly, seriously, strangely, undoubtedly, happily, fortunately

CONJUNCTS: These perform a connective function: they join two sentences or clauses. E.g, It was a hard task, nevertheless, we performed well.

She is hardworking, besides, she is intelligent.

Other examples are, consequently, meanwhile, otherwise, similarly, then, alternately etc.

CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word that joins words, or groups of words, together.

TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join words or groups of words that are of the grammatical rank. Examples are; and, or, but, E.g Joy and Jane, In the garden and in the room, Bolu or Joy, We came but you were not around, We went and we saw him.

Correlative Conjunctions: These are conjunctions that are used in pairs. E.g either….or, not only….but also, both……and, neither…nor. E.g Both James and Jerry attended the party, She is not only intelligent but also kind.

Either the teacher or the man comes here regularly.

Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions introduce subordinating clauses. They include the following conjunctions: after, because, before, if, in order that, since, which, when, who, whose, that etc. Consider these:He left when she was cooking. We cooked before they arrived.

PREPOSITION

This shows the relationship between two words in a sentence. Examples are: within, before, at , in, on , over etc.

Some prepositions go with certain words

allergic to, subjected to, arrive in, live in, live on, live at, stare at, indict for, convicted of, victim of,

down with{fever}, charge with, abide by{rule}, come by, good at, abide with{a person}, kick against, connive at, quick at, bad at,

spy at, frown at consist of, confidence in, confide in, senior to,

junior to, related to, agree to{a plan}, in different to, part with, agree with{a person}, recoil from, popular with{girls}, tremble with, die on,

differ with, comply with, blame on, hinges on, wait upon.

Others include: in agreement with, in compliance with, in apposition with,

because of, in a view of, in accordance with, for the sake of, on account of, with regard to, with reference to, with respect to, in spite of, by reason of, in case of, in regard to, by means of, along with, in consideration of, contrary to,

in addition wit.