TRADE
Trade (Trading) is a fundamental economic activity that encompasses the buying and selling of goods and services. It plays a crucial role in the global economy, facilitating the exchange of products between individuals, businesses, and nations. The concept of trade can be classified into two broad categories: Home Trade and Foreign Trade.
Table of Contents
Home Trade primarily focuses on domestic commerce, involving the exchange of goods and services within a specific country. It serves as the backbone of the local economy and encompasses various transactions conducted within national borders. Home Trade is further divided into two essential components: wholesale trade and retail trade.
Wholesale trade involves the purchase of goods in large quantities from manufacturers or producers and their subsequent resale to retailers, institutional buyers, or other businesses. Wholesalers act as intermediaries between the producers and the final consumers, streamlining the distribution process and providing a convenient channel for the movement of goods. They typically operate on a larger scale, serving as vital links in the supply chain.
On the other hand, retail trade focuses on the direct sale of goods and services to individual consumers. Retailers play a significant role in meeting the diverse needs and preferences of consumers by offering a wide range of products in convenient locations such as stores, supermarkets, e-commerce platforms, and other retail outlets. They create a bridge between producers or wholesalers and the end consumers, facilitating the availability and accessibility of goods and services.
Both wholesale and retail trade contributes to the overall functioning and growth of the domestic economy. They promote economic activity, generate employment opportunities, and contribute to the circulation of money within the country. Moreover, home trade plays a crucial role in establishing a robust internal market, fostering competition, and stimulating innovation and productivity.
In contrast to home trade, foreign trade involves the buying and selling of goods and services across international borders. It encompasses imports (goods and services purchased from other countries) and exports (goods and services sold to other countries). Foreign trade is vital for expanding market reach, diversifying sources of supply, and promoting international cooperation and economic integration. It allows nations to specialize in producing goods and services where they have a comparative advantage and engage in mutually beneficial trade relationships with other countries.
Trade is a dynamic and multifaceted economic activity that encompasses both home trade and foreign trade. Home trade involves the exchange of goods and services within a country, comprising wholesale trade and retail trade. Meanwhile, foreign trade focuses on international transactions, facilitating the exchange of goods and services between nations. Both forms of trade play integral roles in economic development, contributing to growth, prosperity, and global interconnectedness.
RETAIL TRADE
Retail trade is a business activity that is characterized by purchasing goods or products in small quantities from wholesalers or manufacturers, and subsequently selling them in units or fractions to the final consumers. It is a crucial aspect of the supply chain that connects the producers and manufacturers with the end-users or consumers. Retailers are involved in the process of identifying, procuring, displaying, and selling a wide range of products that are required by consumers for their daily consumption needs.
In the retail trade business, the retailers act as middlemen between the producers and the consumers, leveraging their expertise in the market to procure the best quality products at the most affordable prices. They also play a significant role in ensuring that the products are packaged, labeled, and displayed in an attractive manner to appeal to consumers. Furthermore, retailers actively engage in advertising, promotions, and marketing activities to generate demand and attract more customers to their stores.
Retail trade is a highly dynamic and competitive sector, where retailers are required to constantly evolve with the changing market trends and consumer preferences. The success of retail businesses depends on their ability to anticipate and respond to changes in consumer behavior, manage their inventory effectively, maintain a robust supply chain, and offer competitive pricing and value-added services to their customers. Retailers need to cultivate strong relationships with their suppliers and customers to ensure a seamless flow of goods and services, leading to greater customer satisfaction and loyalty.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RETAILER/RETAIL TRADE
1) The retailer sells in units or fractions: Unlike wholesalers who typically deal in bulk quantities, retailers cater to the needs of individual consumers by selling goods in smaller units or fractions. This allows customers to purchase products in quantities that suit their requirements, whether it be a single item or a few units.
2) The retailer stocks and sells a wide variety (range) of goods: Retailers maintain a diverse inventory of products to cater to the varied demands and preferences of consumers. They offer a broad range of goods, encompassing different categories such as groceries, clothing, electronics, household items, and more. By stocking a wide variety of items, retailers aim to provide a convenient one-stop shopping experience for their customers.
3) They sell directly to the ultimate consumers: Retailers play a crucial role as the final link in the distribution chain, directly selling goods and services to the ultimate consumers. They operate through various channels, including physical stores, online platforms, catalogs, or a combination of these, ensuring that consumers can access and purchase the products they desire conveniently.
4) They buy in small quantities from the wholesaler or manufacturer: Retailers typically procure goods in smaller quantities from wholesalers or directly from manufacturers. This allows them to replenish their inventory based on consumer demand and maintain a manageable stock level. By purchasing in smaller quantities, retailers can adapt to changing market trends and consumer preferences efficiently.
5) The wares consist of fast-selling products, mainly consumer goods: Retailers primarily deal in fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) or products that have a high demand and a relatively short shelf life. These goods include items such as food and beverages, personal care products, household essentials, and other frequently purchased consumer goods. By focusing on fast-selling products, retailers ensure a steady turnover of inventory and maximize profitability.
6) A large number of small shops are involved: Retail trade is characterized by a vast number of small shops, particularly in local neighborhoods and communities. These small retail establishments, such as convenience stores, boutiques, specialty shops, and local markets, contribute to the vibrancy and accessibility of retail trade. They often cater to specific niches, providing personalized services and catering to the unique preferences of local consumers.
7) They are the final link in the distribution chain: Retailers serve as the crucial final link in the distribution chain, connecting producers and wholesalers with the end consumers. They bridge the gap between the supply side and the demand side, ensuring that goods reach consumers efficiently and effectively. Retailers focus on creating a seamless customer experience, providing attractive displays, product information, and customer service to enhance the overall shopping journey.
8) Majority of the goods they deal in are obtained from the wholesaler: While retailers may also source products directly from manufacturers, a significant proportion of the goods they deal in are obtained from wholesalers. Wholesalers act as intermediaries, supplying retailers with a wide range of products from different manufacturers. This arrangement allows retailers to access a diverse selection of goods without the need for extensive supplier relationships.
These characteristics collectively define the essence of the retailer and the nature of retail trade. Retailers play a pivotal role in meeting consumer needs, shaping market trends, and contributing to the overall economy through their diverse product offerings and direct interaction with consumers.
FUNCTIONS OF THE RETAILER
A. To the manufacturer:
(i) Selling the goods the manufacturer produces to the final consumer: The retailer acts as a crucial intermediary between the manufacturer and the end consumer. They purchase goods from the manufacturer and make them available for sale to the final consumer. By ensuring the distribution and availability of products, retailers contribute to the manufacturer’s sales and market reach.
(ii) Providing consumer feedback to the manufacturer: Retailers, being in direct contact with consumers, have valuable insights into consumer preferences, likes, and dislikes. They play a vital role in informing the manufacturer about consumer feedback, market trends, and changing demands. This feedback helps manufacturers refine their products, develop new offerings, and make informed business decisions.
(iii) Offering advice to the manufacturer: Retailers, based on their understanding of the market and consumer behavior, can provide valuable advice to manufacturers. This advice may relate to product improvements, packaging, pricing, marketing strategies, or other aspects of the manufacturing process. Retailers’ input helps manufacturers make informed decisions to enhance their products and better meet consumer needs.
B. To the Wholesaler:
(i) Providing information about consumer needs and market trends: Retailers serve as a critical source of market information for wholesalers. They have direct interactions with consumers and are aware of their preferences, buying patterns, and emerging trends. By sharing this information with wholesalers, retailers assist in shaping the wholesaler’s inventory management and sourcing strategies.
(ii) Offering advice to the wholesaler: Drawing from their understanding of consumer behavior and market dynamics, retailers can provide valuable advice to wholesalers. They may suggest adjustments in product offerings, pricing strategies, promotional activities, or other aspects of the wholesaler’s operations. By sharing their expertise, retailers help wholesalers optimize their business practices and improve their overall performance.
C. To the Consumer:
(i) Provision of a variety of goods: Retailers offer a wide range of products, catering to the diverse needs and preferences of consumers. They curate their inventory to ensure a comprehensive selection of goods, enabling consumers to find and purchase items that align with their specific requirements.
(ii) Granting credit to credit-worthy customers: Some retailers extend credit facilities to customers who meet certain creditworthiness criteria. This allows consumers to make purchases on credit, enhancing their purchasing power and convenience. By offering credit options, retailers facilitate transactions and build customer loyalty.
(iii) Provision of useful information and advice: Retailers are knowledgeable about the products they sell and can provide consumers with relevant information and guidance. They assist customers in making informed choices by offering details about product features, specifications, usage guidelines, and other pertinent information.
(iv) Breaking the bulk and selling in smallest quantities to the consumer: Retailers cater to individual consumer needs by selling products in smaller quantities or units. They break down bulk quantities obtained from wholesalers or manufacturers, enabling customers to purchase products in the exact quantities they require.
(v) Provision of after-sales services: Retailers often offer after-sales services to ensure customer satisfaction. This may include services such as product installation, servicing, repairs, or warranty support. By providing these services, retailers enhance the overall customer experience and build long-term relationships with consumers.
(vi) Delivery of goods to the consumer’s door free of charge: Many retailers offer delivery services, ensuring that purchased goods reach the consumer’s doorstep. By providing free or convenient delivery options, retailers offer added convenience and save consumers time and effort.
(vii) Preparing the goods for sale: Retailers prepare products for sale by undertaking activities such as packaging or re-packaging to suit consumer preferences or smaller unit sizes. They ensure that products are appropriately presented, labeled, and displayed to attract customers and facilitate easy selection.
(viii) Giving personal attention to the consumer: Retailers provide personalized attention and customer service, addressing individual needs, queries, and concerns. They engage with consumers in a friendly and helpful manner, creating a positive shopping experience.
(ix) Guiding the consumer in making choices: Retailers assist customers in making informed purchase decisions by offering product comparisons, recommendations, and expert advice. They help consumers navigate through the available options, providing insights to facilitate confident decision-making.
(x) Completing the process of production: Retailers play a role in completing the production process by adding value to products. They may engage in activities such as branding, labeling, or customization, enhancing the market appeal of goods and differentiating them from competitors.
(xi) Advertising the goods: Retailers undertake advertising and promotional activities to create awareness and generate interest in the products they offer. Through various marketing channels, such as print media, digital platforms, or in-store displays, retailers communicate product features, promotions, and special offers to attract consumers.
(xii) Ensuring door-to-door services: Retailers focus on convenience by bringing goods closer to the consumer. They provide door-to-door services, delivering products to customers’ homes or preferred locations. This eliminates the need for consumers to visit physical stores, saving them time and effort.
(xiii) Opening for business and selling at convenient times: Retailers maintain convenient business hours, opening their stores during times when customers are likely to shop. They adapt their operating hours to suit consumer preferences, ensuring accessibility and availability.
(xiv) Delivering goods to consumers on request: Retailers fulfill specific customer requests by delivering goods as needed. This may include fulfilling special orders, arranging for direct shipping, or coordinating pick-up points, and providing flexibility and convenience to consumers.
These functions collectively illustrate the diverse roles and responsibilities undertaken by retailers to facilitate efficient transactions, meet consumer needs, and contribute to the overall retail trade ecosystem.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE SETTING UP A RETAIL BUSINESS
i) Amount of capital available: The availability of sufficient capital is essential for establishing and sustaining a retail business. Capital is required for various purposes, including securing a suitable location, purchasing inventory, hiring staff, investing in marketing and advertising, and covering operational expenses. The amount of capital available influences the scope, scale, and growth potential of the business.
ii) Location (or the site) of the shop: The location of a retail shop plays a critical role in its success. A strategic location that offers high visibility, accessibility, and a target customer base can significantly impact foot traffic and sales. Factors such as proximity to residential areas, commercial centers, transportation hubs, and parking facilities should be considered when choosing a location.
iii) Experience and knowledge of the retail job: Experience and knowledge of the retail industry are vital for effectively managing and growing a retail business. Understanding consumer behavior, market trends, and competitive dynamics helps retailers make informed decisions regarding product selection, pricing strategies, marketing campaigns, and customer service. Experienced retailers are better equipped to anticipate challenges, adapt to changes, and capitalize on emerging opportunities.
iv) Layout of the shop: The layout and design of the shop greatly influence the overall shopping experience and customer satisfaction. An attractive and well-organized layout enhances product visibility, facilitates easy navigation, and creates an inviting ambiance. The placement of shelves, product displays, signage, lighting, and checkout counters should be carefully considered to maximize customer engagement and promote sales.
v) Source of supply of the goods: Establishing reliable and cost-effective supply chains is crucial for retailers. Ensuring a consistent and diverse supply of quality products directly impacts customer satisfaction and business profitability. Retailers must identify reputable suppliers or manufacturers who can consistently meet their inventory requirements in terms of quality, quantity, pricing, and timely delivery.
vi) Pricing policy and terms of trade: Developing a pricing policy that aligns with market dynamics, competition, and customer expectations is essential for retail success. Retailers must determine whether to offer discounts, credit facilities, or sell solely for cash. Pricing strategies should balance profitability with market competitiveness and customer value perception. Additionally, defining clear terms of trade, including payment terms, return policies, and warranty services, helps establish transparency and trust with customers.
vii) The type or nature of goods to be sold: Retailers should carefully consider the type or nature of goods they intend to sell based on market demand, target customer preferences, and competition. Specializing in specific product categories or offering a unique selection can differentiate the business and attract a loyal customer base. Retailers must stay updated on consumer trends and preferences to adapt their product offerings accordingly.
viii) Details of the operating plans: Developing comprehensive operating plans is crucial for efficient and effective business management. This includes determining business hours, opening times, trading days, staffing requirements, customer service protocols, and marketing strategies. Well-defined operating plans ensure smooth day-to-day operations, optimal resource utilization, and a consistent customer experience.
ix) How records will be kept: Proper record-keeping is vital for financial management, inventory control, and decision-making. Retailers should establish a system for tracking sales, expenses, inventory levels, and customer data. This allows for accurate financial analysis, identification of trends, forecasting, and informed business planning. Implementing digital or automated systems can streamline record-keeping processes and enhance efficiency.
Considering and addressing these factors can significantly contribute to the success and sustainability of a retail business. It is crucial for retailers to continuously assess and adapt their strategies in response to market dynamics, customer feedback, and emerging opportunities to stay competitive in the dynamic retail landscape.
Factors a Retailer Should Consider When Making Purchases
1) Quantity of goods to be bought: Retailers must carefully determine the appropriate quantity of goods to purchase based on factors such as customer demand, sales forecasts, available storage space, and budget constraints. Balancing inventory levels is crucial to avoid stockouts or overstocking, ensuring efficient operations and optimal cash flow.
2) The extent of credit facility available to him: Retailers need to consider their available credit facility when making purchases. This includes assessing their credit limit, terms of repayment, and creditworthiness. Understanding the credit facility’s limitations helps retailers make informed decisions regarding the volume and frequency of purchases they can make on credit.
3) Quality of goods must conform to consumers’ needs and tastes: Retailers should prioritize offering high-quality products that align with consumers’ needs and preferences. Assessing the quality of goods is essential to maintain customer satisfaction and build a loyal customer base. Retailers should establish relationships with trusted suppliers or manufacturers to ensure consistent quality standards.
4) The terms of payment i.e., discount given: When purchasing goods, retailers need to consider the terms of payment offered by suppliers. This includes evaluating discounts, credit terms, and any applicable trade promotions. Negotiating favorable payment terms can positively impact profitability and cash flow management for the retailer.
5) The cost of transporting the goods: Retailers should factor in the cost of transporting purchased goods to their stores. This includes considering shipping charges, freight costs, fuel expenses, and any other associated transportation costs. Evaluating transportation options and obtaining competitive quotes help retailers optimize their procurement costs.
6) The method of delivery of the goods to him: The method of delivery for purchased goods is another important consideration for retailers. Whether goods are delivered by road, rail, sea, or air, retailers need to assess factors such as cost, delivery timeframes, reliability, and the ability to track shipments. Selecting a reliable and efficient delivery method ensures timely availability of goods for sale.
7) Any additional charges for packing or off-loading the goods: Retailers should clarify if there are any additional charges for packing or off-loading goods. These charges may include costs for packaging materials, handling fees, or off-loading services. Considering these additional charges helps retailers accurately calculate the total cost of acquiring goods and assess the overall profitability of the purchase.
8) Supplier reliability and reputation: Retailers should assess the reliability and reputation of potential suppliers before making purchases. This involves researching supplier history, customer reviews, and testimonials to ensure they have a track record of delivering quality products on time. Working with reputable suppliers helps mitigate risks associated with late deliveries, subpar products, or unethical business practices.
9) Seasonality and trends: Retailers should consider seasonality and emerging market trends when making purchasing decisions. Understanding consumer preferences during different seasons or trends allows retailers to align their product offerings accordingly. By stocking products that are in high demand during specific periods, retailers can capitalize on seasonal spikes in sales and maximize profitability.
10) Shelf life and perishability: Retailers must carefully evaluate the shelf life and perishability of goods, especially for products with expiration dates or limited durability. This consideration is particularly important for industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Proper inventory management and rotation practices help minimize waste, avoid stock obsolescence, and maintain product quality.
11) Supplier relationships and negotiations: Developing and nurturing strong supplier relationships is beneficial for retailers. Building long-term partnerships can lead to favorable terms, discounts, exclusive deals, and improved collaboration. Regular communication, negotiation, and mutual trust are key to establishing win-win relationships that benefit both the retailer and the supplier.
12) Ethical and sustainable sourcing: Retailers should prioritize ethical and sustainable sourcing practices. This involves considering factors such as fair trade certifications, environmentally friendly production methods, and responsible supply chain management. Demonstrating a commitment to ethical sourcing resonates with socially conscious consumers and enhances the retailer’s brand reputation.
13) Market competition and differentiation: Retailers need to evaluate the competitive landscape and identify unique selling points or product differentiators. By conducting market research, understanding competitor offerings, and identifying gaps in the market, retailers can make purchasing decisions that set them apart and attract target customers.
14) Product demand forecasting: Accurate demand forecasting is essential for optimizing inventory levels and avoiding stockouts or excess inventory. Retailers should analyze historical sales data, market trends, and external factors to predict future demand. Leveraging technology, data analytics, and forecasting tools can aid in making informed purchasing decisions and maintaining optimal inventory levels.
15) Return and refund policies: Retailers should review the return and refund policies of suppliers when making purchases. Understanding the terms and conditions for returning or exchanging products helps retailers manage customer expectations, handle product defects or discrepancies, and mitigate potential financial losses.
By carefully considering these factors, retailers can make informed purchasing decisions that align with their business goals, customer needs, and financial capabilities. Effective procurement strategies ensure the availability of quality products, cost optimization, and efficient inventory management, ultimately contributing to the success and profitability of the retail business.
COMMON MISTAKES AND CHALLENGES OF A RETAILER
(a) Wrong purchases: Making incorrect or ill-informed purchasing decisions can lead to inventory imbalances, excessive stock levels, or the presence of products that do not align with customer demand. Retailers may face financial losses, increased holding costs, or the need to sell products at a discounted price to clear excess inventory.
(b) Poor record-keeping techniques: Inadequate or inaccurate recording-keeping practices can result in challenges related to inventory management, financial tracking, and tax compliance. Poor accounting records make it difficult to assess the financial health of the business, analyze sales patterns, or make informed decisions based on reliable data.
(c) Failure to insure the business: Neglecting to obtain appropriate insurance coverage leaves the business vulnerable to risks such as theft, fire, natural disasters, or liability claims. Failing to insure the business adequately can lead to financial losses, legal complications, or interruptions in operations.
(d) Extravagance and overspending: Retailers who spend business funds on personal expenses or indulge in unnecessary extravagance jeopardize the financial stability and growth of their business. Overspending can lead to cash flow challenges, increased debt, or an inability to invest in crucial areas such as marketing, infrastructure, or employee training.
(e) Lack of experience or knowledge of the trade: Inexperienced retailers or those lacking adequate knowledge of the industry may struggle to navigate the complexities of retail operations effectively. Limited understanding of consumer behavior, market dynamics, and competitive forces can result in poor decision-making, suboptimal inventory management, or ineffective marketing strategies.
(f) Poor credit administration: Indiscriminately granting credit facilities to customers without proper evaluation or credit risk assessment can lead to issues of late payments, bad debts, or cash flow problems. Inadequate credit administration can strain the retailer’s financial resources and hinder their ability to invest in inventory or meet other operational expenses.
(g) Inadequate capital for running the business and for expansion: Insufficient capital can impede a retailer’s ability to effectively manage day-to-day operations, invest in necessary infrastructure or technology, or expand into new markets. Limited financial resources may result in missed growth opportunities, compromised customer experience, or an inability to compete effectively.
(h) Competition from bigger businesses: Retailers often face intense competition from larger and more established businesses. Competing with well-established brands or chain stores can pose challenges in terms of pricing, marketing, customer loyalty, and market share. Retailers need to find unique value propositions, differentiate themselves, and focus on building customer relationships to withstand competition.
(i) Inability to plan appropriately and forecast the future: Failing to develop comprehensive business plans and forecasts can hinder a retailer’s ability to adapt to market changes, anticipate trends, or make proactive decisions. Lack of proper planning can lead to missed opportunities, inefficient resource allocation, or an inability to respond effectively to shifts in customer demand or industry dynamics.
(j) Insensitivity to current market trends: Retailers who are unaware of or ignore current market trends risk becoming irrelevant or losing market share. Failing to adapt to changing consumer preferences, emerging technologies, or new sales channels can result in decreased customer interest, reduced sales, and diminished competitiveness.
Addressing these common mistakes and challenges requires proactive measures such as conducting market research, implementing robust record-keeping systems, investing in training and knowledge acquisition, adopting prudent financial management practices, seeking professional advice, and staying updated on industry trends. By overcoming these challenges, retailers can enhance their operational efficiency, competitiveness, and long-term success.
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